森林可持续经营环境友好型技术转让现状及建议

环境友好型技术转让作为实现全球可持续发展的重要手段之一, 在众多林业相关公约中均有谈及.文中介绍于目前与林业相关的技术转让渠道和现状, 分析技术转让中存在的障碍及改善措施, 讨论我国开展森林可持续经营技术转让的意义, 并对我国开展相关国际合作和进行政策规划提出具体建议.     

Performance, growth, and maturity of Nellore bulls

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), microbial efficiency, empty body weight (EBW) gain, and body composition of Nellore bulls. Additionally, Nellore bull maturity was estimated, and the prediction equation for DMI, suggested by the Brazilian nutrient requirements system (BR CORTE; Azevêdo et al. 2010), was evaluated. Thirty-three Nellore bulls, with a mean initial weight of 259?±?25 kg and age of 14?±?1 months, were used in this study. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (control group), and the remaining 28 were divided into 4 groups, each slaughtered at 42-day intervals. Their diet was composed of corn silage and concentrate (55:45). The power model was used to estimate muscle tissue, bone tissue, crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), and water present in the empty body, while the exponential model was used to estimate adipose tissue and ether extract (EE) present in the empty body. When expressed in kilograms per day, differences were observed (P?<?0.05) only for the intake of EE and neutral detergent fiber as a function of feedlot time periods. Although there was a difference in relation to nutrient intake, it did not affect (P?>?0.05) digestibility, with the exception of EE digestibility. The equation suggested by BR CORTE correctly estimates the DMI of Nellore bulls. ADG was not affected (P?>?0.05) by time spent in the feedlot. No differences were observed (P?>?0.05) for microbial efficiency; a mean value of 142 g microbial crude protein/kg total digestible nutrients was achieved. The muscle and bone tissues, CP, MM, and water present in the empty body increased as the animal grew, although at a lower rate. The adipose tissue and EE present in the empty body increased their deposition rate when the animal reached its mature weight. Maturity is defined as when an animal reaches 22 % EE in the empty body, which corresponds to 456 kg of EBW in Nellore bulls. Therefore, this study can conclude that the feedlot time period does not affect DMI, nutrient intake, ADG, or microbial efficiency. The equation proposed by BR CORTE (Azevêdo et al. 2010) correctly estimates the DMI of Nellore bulls, which reach maturity when an EBW of 456 kg is attained.     

Continuous positive airway pressure administered via face mask in tranquilized dogs

Objective – To evaluate the tolerance of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask in tranquilized dogs and compare PaO₂ in arterial blood in dogs receiving oxygen with a regular face mask or CPAP mask set to maintain a pressure of 2.5 or 5 cm H₂O. Design – Prospective, randomized clinical study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Sixteen client‐owned dogs without evidence of cardiopulmonary disease were studied. Interventions – Eight animals were randomly assigned to each of 2 treatment groups: group A received 2.5 cm H₂O CPAP and group B received 5 cm H₂O CPAP after first receiving oxygen (5 L/min) by a regular face mask. Animals were tranquilized with acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg, IV and morphine 0.2 mg/kg, IM. An arterial catheter was then placed to facilitate blood sampling for pHa, PaO₂, and PaCO₂ determinations before and after treatments. Direct mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature were also recorded after each treatment. Measurements and Main Results – CPAP administration was well tolerated by all animals. The mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, PaCO₂, and pHa, did not differ at any time point between groups. Differences were seen in oxygenation; in group A, PaO₂ significantly increased from a mean of 288.3±47.5 mm Hg with a standard mask to a mean of 390.3±65.5 mm Hg with the CPAP mask and in group B, PaO₂ increased similarly from 325.0±70.5 to 425.2±63.4 mm Hg (P<0.05); no differences were detected between the 2 CPAP treatments. Conclusions – In healthy tranquilized dogs noninvasive CPAP is well tolerated and increases PaO₂ above values obtained when using a regular face mask.     

Dynamics of natural bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection in a dairy herd

In this study, natural cycling of BoHV-1 infection was investigated in two groups of dairy cattle containing 2120 head. Group 1 comprised 127 animals and they were monitored for BoHV-1 infection virologically and serologically in six consecutive sampling periods. It consisted of naive heifers between 6 and 8 months of age, while in group 2, age, sex and the BoHV-1 serostatus of the animals were disregarded. The animals in group 1 were found to have seroconverted at the second sampling. Results of the serological study showed slight antibody response after natural BoHV-1 infection in the herd and neutralizing titres fell below protective levels in the 6–8 months after the peak. During the 2-year study period, one recurrence was detected after primary infection. Virus isolation studies revealed a cytopathic effect indicative of BoHV-1 in two nasal swabs taken during the fifth sampling period from animals with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms. As the study was carried out under natural conditions, it is not known whether the viruses isolated were from recurrences or re-infections. Data from cross-neutralization tests with herd isolates showed higher antibody response than those with the reference virus. The dynamics of BoHV-1 in both groups were found to be statistically similar.     

喜马拉雅紫茉莉正丁醇提取物的化学成分

对喜马拉雅紫茉莉(Mirabilis himalaica)正丁醇提取物进行研究,利用反相硅胶柱色谱、Sephedex LH-20、半制备HPLC进行分离,通过理化性质和UV、IR、MS、1 H-NMR和13 C-NMR等方法进行结构鉴定,分离鉴定5个化合物,分别为:腺苷(1),色氨酸(2),1-甲基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉-3-羧酸(3),6′-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose(4),丁香树脂酚单-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5),化合物1~4均为首次从该植物中得到,通过还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力试验表明,化合物2、4、5仅有较弱的抗氧化能力。     

An ecosystem modelling approach to deriving viable harvest strategies for multispecies management of the Northern Gulf of California

• 1. An ecosystem analysis was developed focusing on resource exploitation and biodiversity conservation for the Northern Gulf of California. The main tools employed were a trophic ecosystem model and time dynamic simulations.
• 2. The ecosystem was represented by an Ecopath model that included 34 functional groups, from primary producers to top predators. It included relevant species in the area such as commercially important shrimp (e.g. Litopenaeus stylirostris) and highly endangered species (Phocoena sinus and Totoaba macdonaldi).
• 3. Temporal simulations of changing fishing effort allowed the evaluation of fishing impact on the ecosystem components and, particularly, on protected species. Formal optimization methods were applied with the purpose of searching viable temporal patterns of fishing effort that might minimize social, economic and conservationist conflicts in the area.
• 4. The results of those simulations showed the capability of the model to represent reference temporal series of relative biomass. The search for viable fishing strategies resulted in effort allocation consistent with those proposed by other studies; that is, a decrease in the industrial shrimp fleet (35–65%), a decrease in the gillnet fishing fleet (52–57%), and an increase of the artisanal shrimp fishery (63–222%).
• 5. The main conflicts in the Northern Gulf of California seem to take place between social and conservation interests, while the economic and ecological benefits seem to be relatively independent. The next steps towards conflict resolution and ecosystem management should consider the design and operation of MPAs already established in the region.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus</Emphasis> spp. genotypes to ashy stem blight caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrophomina phaseolina</Emphasis>

Ashy stem blight (ASB) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Mp) is a devastating seed-transmitted disease in common bean in the tropics. The identification of resistant cultivars throughout the cropping season contributes to disease management. Resistance is found in the primary and tertiary gene pools. Our objectives were to determine (1) the reaction of Phaseolus spp. genotypes to two Mp isolates at vegetative and reproductive stages, (2) the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and (3) resistant plants per genotype at harvest. Twenty-three genotypes from different origins were planted in the greenhouse in 2016 and 2017. One less-aggressive Mp (PRJD16) and one more-aggressive (PRI16) isolate were inoculated one and three times, respectively, by the cut-stem method. ‘Beníquez’, ‘Othello’, and ‘Verano’ were highly susceptible (mean scores >8.0, and AUDPC values from 264.6 to 300.8) to both isolates. BAT 477 and NY6020-4 were intermediate (5.6 and 6.2; AUDPC: 161.6 and 187.1) to PRJD16 and susceptible (7.4 and 8.2; AUDPC: 209.4 and 235.1) to PRI16. Resistant genotypes (mean scores ≤3) were not identified in this study. However, A 195, ‘Badillo’, and ‘PC 50’ possessed lower mean scores (4.3–5.4) and AUDPC values (126.4–150.9) to both isolates. Furthermore, A 195 had the highest percentage of resistant plants (55.6%) followed by PC 50, I9365-31, and PI 321637 (27.8%) to PRJD16 at harvest. Thus, the identification of resistant parents across Phaseolus species is necessary to increase the levels of ASB resistance in common bean cultivars throughout the entire cropping season.