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161.
Wang Wei Zhao Lin-sen 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(3):213-216
The importance of ecological benefit analyses about green space systems has been widely discussed on the basis of a per-ceived bias towards the landscaping effect of green spaces to be built in urban areas as opposed to the perception of comprehensive ecological benefits of designed plant communities. Given the basic principle of ecological benefit analyses and evaluation methods widely applied today, the methodology to calculate ecological benefits and to model the expansion of urban green spaces by CITY-green 5.0 and its conditions for application were explored. We propose that aerial images can be substituted by AutoCAD graphics of a green space containing detailed information of plant dispositions by digitizing the key features during the working process in order to evaluate the ecological benefits quickly and to offer proper guidance to the establishment of small scale green spaces in urban areas. The theoretical foundation, potential application range and prospects for extension of the method are introduced by using the analysis of ecological benefits of the green spaces on the campus of Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, as an example. 相似文献
162.
163.
Reproductive phenology was observed over three years in a Eucalyptus grandis seed orchard in Madagascar to determine the impact of geographic differences of parental selections on the expected genetic composition of seed crops. Pollen flow (observed pollen cloud) was deduced from a paternity assignment based on sampling from one year’s seed production. The two approaches were used to verify whether knowledge of phenology is sufficient to predict the genetic quality of the seeds collected. Despite the high flowering level, with a constant cycle over three years, the results demonstrated wide reproductive phenological differences associated with the parents’ origin, suggesting putative pollination disequilibrium. From both observed and expected pollen clouds, the results showed preferential mating among different provenances, which has consequences for seed crop composition. Phenological observations, which can be made inexpensively, can be used to promote methods of effective seed orchard management in order to improve the genetic quality of seeds. 相似文献
164.
This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of agroforestry practices in
Cameroon. The analysis uses primary farm-level data collected from June to December 1996. Three major provinces of the country
were covered, namely Centre, Southwest and Northwest Several agroforestry technologies have been promoted among farmers in
the zone, including alley farming, improved fallow, live fencing, cut-and-carry fodder and apiculture. The status of adoption
of each agroforestry practice is described and factors that affect adoption identified. These are gender of farmer, household
family size, level of education, farmer’s experience, membership within farmers’ associations, contact with research and extension,
security of land tenure, agroecological zone, distance of the village from nearest town, village accessibility and income
from livestock. Research findings indicate that since factors affecting farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices differ
across techniques, generalisation is to be avoided. 相似文献
165.
To determine the effect of shade on morphology, growth and biomass allocation in Picea sitchensis, Larix × eurolepis and Thuja plicata, seedlings were grown in the open or under shadehouses providing 25%, 50% and 75% reductions of full-light for two growing
seasons. For most of the characteristics assessed there was no significant interaction between species and shade indicating
that the morphological responses to changing shade treatments were not species-dependent. After two growing seasons the mean
height increment for the three species was significantly greater in 25% (76.1 cm) and 50% shade (74.9 cm) than in the open
(69.5 cm). Root collar diameter increment, shoot, root and total biomass declined significantly with increasing shade while
the opposite was true for the height:diameter ratio. In both western red cedar and hybrid larch the shoot:root ratio was significantly
greater in the shade while in Sitka spruce this characteristic was not influenced by shade. While all species had significantly
greater specific shoot areas in 75% shade than in 0% shade, this trend was particularly pronounced in hybrid larch. In hybrid
larch and western red cedar, the normalised specific projected shoot area increased significantly with increasing shade. The
opposite trend was observed for Sitka spruce. We conclude that in the main the species studied demonstrated similar shade
acclimation responses despite their reported differences in shade tolerance. 相似文献
166.
Jonas Hafrén 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(2):143-146
Two methods of cytochemical staining using Coomassie dye and Cu+-bicinchoninic acid, respectively, showed that there are proteins in thermomechanical pulp (TMP) of Norway spruce. Protein
isolated from TMP was analyzed for amino acid composition. There was about twice the amount of acidic amino acid material
compared with basic amino acids, and the presence of glucosamine indicated that the isolated polypeptides also contained glycoproteins.
The presence of proteins in ray cells and fiber tracheids in TMP adds to the chemical heterogeneity of the structurally complex
high-yield pulp. 相似文献
167.
This study examines the strategies and benefits of the taungya farming system to both the government and the rural economy
in Nigeria. An interview survey was conducted in which data were collected from 115 randomly selected farmers in five villages
in the Oluwa forest reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study examines the extent of participation of rural dwellers in plantation
development through taungya farming and the degree of success of this system as an afforestation method. The farmers were
predominantly illiterate, within the age bracket of 35–54 years and with small farm holdings. Twenty nine percent relied totally
on food from the forest reserve for their livelihood, while 71% also had farm holdings in free areas. Land within the reserve
is allocated to farmers free of charge but compensation is paid to landlords on land from free areas. A statistically significant
difference was detected in income from the two sources of farmland for the households and but not in the size of land allocated
under taungya and free areas. About 184 farmers are involved in taungya annually, and 410 ha of Tectonia grandis has been established for the government of Ondo State. 相似文献
168.
Mathieu Fortin Gaétan Daigle Chhun-Huor Ung Jean Bégin Louis Archambault 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(4):573-585
This study proposes a within-subject variance-covariance (VC) structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity
in a context of growth modeling. The VC structure integrates a variance function and a continuous autoregressive covariance
structure. It was tested on a nonlinear growth model parameterized with data from permanent sample plots. Using a stand-level
approach, basal area growth was independently modeled for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] in mixed stands. For both species, the implementation of the VC structure significantly improved the maximum
likelihood of the model. In both cases, it efficiently accounted for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, since the normalized
residuals no longer exhibited departures from the assumptions of independent error terms with homogeneous variances. Moreover,
compared with traditional nonlinear least squares (NLS) models, models parameterized with this VC structure may generate more
accurate predictions when prior information is available. This case study demonstrates that the implementation of a VC structure
may provide parameter estimates that are consistent with asymptotically unbiased variances in a context of nonlinear growth
modeling using a stand-level approach. Since the variances are no longer biased, the hypothesis tests performed on the estimates
are valid when the number of observations is large. 相似文献
169.
Newly recorded species of the genus Isohypsibius (Tardigrada; Hypsibiidae) from China 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
This paper reports two newly recorded species, lsohypsibius lunulatus Iharos, 1966 and lsohypsibiusprosostomus Thulin, 1928, of the genus lsohypsibius (Tardigrada; Hypsibiidae) from China. The specimens of lsohysibius lunulatus were collected from Taibai Mt (34°18′N, 107°42′E) at 2,500 m a.s.1, and those oflsohypsibius prosostomus from Taibai Mt (34°10′N, 107°35′E) at 2,000 m above sea level. All specimens are deposited at the College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, China. A key to the Chinese species of lsohypsibius was also given. 相似文献
170.
Cao Jin-zhen Yu Li-li You Xiao-di Kamdem D. Pascal 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(4):239-245
In order to clarify the interaction between copper and wood substances in wood treated with copper containing water-borne wood preservatives, the dielectric constant ε′ and dielectric loss factor ε″ of untreated wood and wood treated with four concentration levels of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) solutions were determined within a temperature range from –100 to 40°C and a frequency range from 100 to 1 MHz. Three dielectric relaxation processes were observed in the ε″ spectrum; among them R-I is based on the reorientation of methylol groups in the amorphous region of wood cell walls and R-II is related to wood extractives. R-III appeared in Cu-EA treated wood, and its magnitude decreases with the concentration of Cu-EA solutions used in this experiment. This relaxation process was considered to be based on the reorientation of copper-ethanolamine-wood complexes in wood cell walls. At low copper retention, the hydrogen in the complex can form hydrogen bonding with adjacent hydroxyl groups, which results in a strong bonding state between copper and wood; at high copper retention, the numerous copper-ethanolamine complexes not only hinder them from forming hydrogen bonding with adjacent wood molecules due to steric hindrance, but also weaken the interaction between wood molecules themselves, which corresponds to reducing ε″ values of both R-I and R-III processes. The results explain the fact of in-creasing copper leaching in wood treated with high concentration copper-based water-borne preservatives. 相似文献