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排序方式: 共有451条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
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Davis ST Benson BG Bramson HN Chapman DE Dickerson SH Dold KM Eberwein DJ Edelstein M Frye SV Gampe RT Grifffen RJ Harris PA Hassell AM Holmes WD Hunter RN Knick VB Lackey K Lovejoy B Luzzio MJ Murray D Parker P Rocque WJ Shewchuk-Chapman L Veal JM Walker DH Kuyper LF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5602):2327
44.
BACKGROUND: Economic costs of spotted wing drosophila (SWD) include yield and associated revenue losses, labor and material costs for monitoring and management and revenue losses due to the closure of export markets should fruit from SWD‐infested regions be banned by trading partners. This analysis focuses on two types of loss in the California raspberry and strawberry industries: yield losses in the absence of management, and insecticide material costs on a per treatment basis. It computes the cost of a specific management program for raspberries in California's Central Coast region. RESULTS: Insecticide material and application costs per treatment and the cost of the management program are small relative to the yield losses in the absence of management that are observed by growers, researchers and others in initial infestations. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to evaluate precisely the share of pest management program costs due to SWD because insecticides are sometimes used to manage multiple pests, and because labor‐intensive field sanitation efforts to control SWD are recommended practices already. Given these considerations, this analysis finds that the benefits to SWD management well outweigh the costs examined here. Evaluating the efficacy of managing SWD is essential in assessing the risks that SWD poses and the benefits of pest management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
45.
Grimalt S Thompson D Chartrand D McFarlane J Helson B Lyons B Meating J Scarr T 《Pest management science》2011,67(10):1277-1284
BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
46.
种子的发芽和休眠(Ⅱ) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABA不敏感突变型 vp1和 abi3在 ABA存在时也能发芽 ,这表明它们的野生型的相应基因产物参与了休眠的调控。因而 ,我们是否可以鉴别出这些由玉米 VP1和拟南芥菜 ABI3野生型的基因产物 ,从而解释为什么野生型种子对 ABA敏感而不能发芽 ?VP1和 ABI3这两个结构类似的基因编码某种蛋白 ,这个蛋白含有一个具有转录激活子特性的区段 (Mc Carty等 ,1991;Giraudat等 ,1992 )。它们不能在 vp1和 abi3突变体中合成 ,由此便产生了许多多效性效应 ,包括降低了一些种子成熟时期特有蛋白的合成 (如 Em蛋白、L EA蛋白 ;Paiva和 kriz,1994) ,降低… 相似文献
47.
Derek M. Jennings Peter J. Bunyan Peter M. Brown Peter I. Stanley Frank J. S. Jones 《Pest management science》1975,6(3):245-257
The acute single dose oral toxicity of carbophenothion (S-4-chlorophenylthiomethyl OO-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been determined in Canada geese (Branta canadensis), pigeons (Columba livia) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). At post mortem examination gross pathological changes were observed in Canada geese and pigeons and esterase levels were determined by conventional and electrophoretic methods on extracts of liver and brain from these two species. Carbophenothion residue levels were determined in liver, brain and gizzard contents from the geese and pigeons. The overall pattern of results suggests that esterase inhibition may not be the dominant factor in carbophenothion poisoning in geese. It is suggested that a brain carbophenothion residue level of 1 part/106 is indicative of death by poisoning in geese. 相似文献
48.
Derek R. Clifford Peter Gendle Margaret E. Holgate Malcolm Lulham 《Pest management science》1981,12(5):509-514
The eradicant activities of 24 nitrogen-containing preparations, comprising primary, secondary or tertiary amines, amine acetates, diamines, amine oxides or quaternary ammonium salts, were assessed in trials with potted dormant apple rootstocks, heavily infected with the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. The surfactants consisted of mixtures in which C12/C14 or C16/C18 alkyl or alkenyl compounds predominated. Of the amine acetates (at 50g litre?1), only the formulation containing C12/C14 primary amine acctates was considered worthy of further evaluation. Some amine oxides and quaternary ammonium compounds (at 35 g litre?1) were good eradicants and were as effective as ‘PP222’ a (nonylphenol-ethoxylate mixture) which was included for comparison. All the compounds showing good activity contained one C12/C14 alkyl group whereas C16/C18 compounds, whether saturated or unsaturated, were relatively inactive. In a field trial, C12/C14 (dimethyl) amine oxide, C12/C14bis (2-hydroxyethyl) amine oxide, and C12/C14 amine acetate (35 g litre?1) greatly reduced the amount of primary mildew on trees that were previously heavily infected, but there were signs that the fruit yield was reduced. 相似文献
49.
Reduction of the overwintering powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha resulted from one application of a variety of surfactants (at 50 g/litre a.i.) to apple trees during the dormant season. Examples of non-ionic, anionic and cationic materials were tested and some gave promising control. Successful treatments delayed bud burst during the following spring and caused some loss in fruit yield. 相似文献
50.
Derek W. Gammon Mark A. Brown John E. Casida 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1981,15(2):181-191
Pyrethroids are divided into two classes (Types I and II) based on their effects on the cercal sensory nerves recorded in vivo and in vitro and on the symptomology they produce in dosed cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Type I compounds include pyrethrins, S-bioallethrin, [1R,cis]resmethrin, kadethrin, the 1R,trans and 1R,cis isomers of tetramethrin, phenothrin, and permethrin, and an oxime O-phenoxybenzyl ether. Electrophysiological recordings from dosed individuals reveal trains of cercal sensory spikes and sometimes also spike trains from the cercal motor nerves and in the CNS. Low concentrations of these pyrethroids act in vitro to induce repetitive firing in a cercal sensory nerve following a single electrical stimulus. This in vitro measurement, standardized for evaluating structure-activity relationships, shows that only 1R, insecticidal isomers are highly effective neurotoxins. The most potent compounds on the isolated nerve are [1R,trans]- and [1R,cis]tetramethrin, each active at 3 × 10?13M. The poisoning symptoms of Type I compounds are restlessness, incoordination, hyperactivity, prostration, and paralysis. Type II compounds include [1R,cis,αS]- and [1R,trans,αS]cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and [S,S]fenvalerate. These α-cyanophenoxybenzyl pyrethroids do not induce repetitive firing in the cercal sensory nerves either in vivo or in vitro; moreover, they cause different symptoms, including a pronounced convulsive phase. Two other pyrethroids with an α-cyano substituent, i.e., fenpropathrin and an oxime O-α-cyanophenoxybenzyl ether, are classified as Type I based on their action on a cercal sensory nerve but the symptoms with these compounds resemble Type II. The two classes of pyrethroid action evident with the cockroach are discussed relative to their neurophysiological effects and symptomology in other organisms. 相似文献