Dimeric and monomeric laccases of soil-stabilizing lichen Solorina crocea: Purification,properties and reactions with humic acids

Lichens form the dominant plant cover in extreme environments and participate in mineral weathering, fine-earth stabilization and primary accumulation of soil organic matter. However, biochemical role of lichens in soil processes has never been investigated. Recently, laccases and tyrosinases have been discovered in representatives of the order Peltigerales (Laufer et al., 2006a, b; Zavarzina and Zavarzin, 2006). Laccases from most species had unusually large molecular weights (Laufer et al., 2009). Together with oligomeric laccases, we have found monomeric enzymes in Solorina crocea and Peltigera aphthosa (Lisov et al., 2007). In the present work we have purified homodimeric (large) and monomeric (small) laccases of the soil-stabilizing lichen S. crocea, determined their physico-chemical and catalytic properties and studied their reactions with soil humic acids. Our results suggest that oligomeric nature of lichen laccases can be artifactual, because homodimeric laccase was transformed into the monomeric form following hydrophobic interaction chromatography. We hypothesize that large laccase consists of two monomeric enzymes, each of which is bound with additional hydrophobic component(s). Small laccase is similar in its properties to the laccases of basidiomycetes. It is more resistant to elevated temperature and storage than the large form, showed a higher oxidation potential, had different pH-optima in oxidizing substrates and was less inhibited by humic acids. Despite these differences, both laccases depolymerized and decolorized humic acids from soils at comparable rates, with small laccase being slightly more effective. This finding suggests that lichens have a potential to participate in transformation of soil organic matter.     

象山港网箱养殖对近海沉积物细菌群落的影响

微生物在有机物质分解、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用,研究养殖活动对沉积物中微生物多样性的影响对正确评价近海生态系统结构和功能具有重要意义.结合沉积物的理化分析(T、pH、Eh和SO2-),通过T-RFLP(末端限制性片段长度多态性)分析了象山港网箱养殖对近海不同深度沉积物中细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,构建了对照区0-5 cm沉积物样品的细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库,并进行了系统发育分析.结果表明,近海网箱养殖活动不但使象山港沉积物Eh、pH值等理化性质有所改变,而且使细菌的群落结构也发生了变化,变形细菌纲细菌的相对丰度降低,细菌群落的多样性和均匀度也显著降低,致使近海沉积物细菌群落由多样性高的稳定结构向多样性降低的不稳定结构转变.     

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF1基因的系统发育分析和选择压力分析

本研究利用脚本语言编写一系列程序流程,成功对猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF1的Genbank数据进行快速整理和信息挖掘。同时,引入MUSCLE、MrBayes和PAML等生物信息学工具对经过整理的PCV2 ORF1的Genbank数据进行深度的分析,快速进行序列比对并获得了高解析度的BMCMC系统发育树,再以该BMCMC系统发育树为基础数据进行基因选择压力的分析。结果表明,中国的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF1可分为三群,其中两群可能存在明显的祖先,另一群则可能经过多次从不同地方传入中国。另外,应用位点模型和分支位点模型(以不同的选择压力模型将不同群各设为背景)对PCV2 ORF1进行分析,没有发现各个分支上有明显处于正选择压力下的位点,PCV2的ORF1基因在进化上相当保守,所有位点的dN/dS值均小于等于1(P95%),提示该基因没有处于明显的选择压力之下,所有位点的突变均为中性选择位点或净化选择位点。该结果首次从选择压力分析的角度说明ORF1基因为功能保守的基因,为以后筛选PCV2毒株制备抗ORF1蛋白的单克隆抗体提供了理论依据。     

鲁西南地区花生适宜播期研究

摘要：针对鲁西南地区花生播期不合理的现状,在2007～2009年,每年从15/4到15/6长达两个月的范围内按排7次播期处理以寻找花生适宜播期。通过对各播期处理气候适应性、单株性状和群体产量三个不同层次的比较,得出5/5前后为该地区花生适宜播期。     

健康和患病凡纳滨对虾幼虾消化道菌群结构的比较

凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中,早期阶段是病害易感阶段,而消化道菌群结构与对虾健康关系密切。因此,探讨幼虾的消化道菌群尤其是弧菌类细菌与对虾发病的关系对病害有效防治具有重要意义。本实验采用Illumina测序研究了凡纳滨对虾健康和患病幼虾的消化道细菌群落结构,并基于纯培养和16S r DNA,rec A和pyr H基因序列比对,分析了幼虾消化道中弧菌的主要种类组成。结果发现,健康幼虾消化道中α-变形菌纲和厚壁菌门丰度较高,而患病幼虾中γ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和β-变形菌纲较高,其中放线菌门丰度差异显著。基于科水平的响应比分析,发现患病幼虾消化道中动性球菌科和噬菌弧菌科的丰度显著降低,而弧菌科的丰度显著升高。相似度分析发现,驱动群落变异的OTU主要来源于弧菌属、海洋杆状菌属、冷杆菌属、假交替单胞菌属以及未分类至属的红杆菌科和微杆菌科。健康幼虾消化道弧菌组成以锡那罗亚州弧菌为主,而患病幼虾消化道弧菌组成以坎氏弧菌为主。尽管健康和患病幼虾消化道内细菌群落结构整体差异不显著,但一些重要类群丰度变化显著,其特征与已知的生态功能一致。     

对南京森林警察学院公共选修课学生满意度的调查分析

公共选修课是我国高校课程体系的重要组成部分,其开设数量和质量直接影响到高等教育人才培养的质量.通过对南京森林警察学院公共选修课学生满意程度进行的问卷调查,分析学生对于选课方式、授课教师、结课方式、课程种类及教学模式等方面的满意程度,发现公共选修课开设过程中存在着课程体系缺乏系统性,学生选课比较随机;高水平选修课程不足,教学质量有待提高等问题.建议:加强学生选课的系统指导,减少学生选课的随机性;提高教师的教学热情,重视教学质量的提高;提高课程设置的质量,丰富公共选修课的数量;完善选修课程教学制度,加强教学的监管力度.     

On the Probable Nature of Biological Activity of Humic Substances

It is common knowledge that humic substances extracted from different sources are characterized by high biological activity (BA), though the nature of this phenomenon is not quite clear up to now. To expand our understanding of the BA of humic substances, we studied the effect of humates prepared from humic acids of different origin on the germination of seeds. The efficiencies of seed treatment by humate solutions obtained from preliminary purified humic acids extracted from peat, coal, and soil differed insignificantly. At the same time, the solutions of salts of humic substances obtained via alkaline extraction from peat without subsequent purification did not lead to statistically significant biological effects. The analysis of literature and our own data allowed us to conclude that the biological activity of humic acids could be related to their capacity to regulate the growth processes via binding growth inhibitors released into the solution upon seed swelling into the supramolecular complexes.     

基于无线传感网的森林火灾FWI系统分析

林火的高发性和破坏性决定了林火防控的重要性,无线传感器网络技术的兴起和发展为现代林业火灾预警预报的实现提供了机遇。加拿大森林火险气候指数(Fire Weather Index,FWI)系统是以时滞-平衡含水率理论为基础,通过天气条件的变化计算地面可燃物含水率的情况,根据地表到地下不同层次的可燃物含水率划分森林潜在火险等级。笔者分析研究了FWI系统的原理,并以南京市为参照验证了FWI系统的分析结果,希望在基于FWI系统的基础上发展中国的森林火险等级预警系统。     

数字乡村治理的实践机制——基于北京市朝阳区大鲁店三村的案例研究

数字化赋予乡村治理新形态,而理清数字治理在乡村的运行机理,是运用数字技术提升治理效能的关键。通过分析总结北京市大鲁店三村在数字乡村治理方面的实践经验,提炼出“数字空间—数字信息—数字主体”的理论分析框架。针对数字乡村治理面临的顶层设计缺位、治理资源被恶意占用、数据制度保障缺失、数据孤岛、数字人才支撑较弱等困境,提出以空间优化升级为技术根基,以数据制度化规范化为制度保障,以主体引进培育为源头建设的优化策略,进一步释放数字乡村治理效能。