玉米新品种“吉农玉308”选育报告

玉米新品种"吉农玉308"是以自选系"GS02"为母本、"GS03"为父本杂交育成的玉米单交种.2年区域试验结果:平均产量为10 505.0 kg/hm2,比对照增产8.9%;生产试验结果:平均产量为9588.9 kg/hm2,比对照"平全13"增产3.5%.该品种2008年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,其主要特点是高产、抗病、抗旱、品质好,适合吉林省中晚熟地区及黑龙江省部分地区种植.     

Mechanisms conferring resistance of Western flower thrips to bendiocarb

Mechanisms associated with bendiocarb resistance were examined in two strains of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), that differed in their susceptibility to this carbamate by 13.6-fold. No appreciable differences between the two strains in [¹⁴C] bendiocarb penetration and excretion were detected; however, bendiocarb was metabolised substantially faster by the resistant KCM thrips than by the more susceptible UMC thrips. No appreciable difference between the two strains was found in the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase activity to inhibition by bendiocarb. It was concluded that bendiocarb resistance in KCM western flower thrips was due to enhanced metabolism that probably was mainly oxidative in nature.     

Strategies for bacterial tagging and gene expression in plant-host colonization studies

Bacteria are extraordinarily diverse microorganisms with a huge potential to benefit environmental and agricultural systems. Comprehensive studies in complex habitats such as soils and plants have led to the development of genetic tools to evaluate gene expression and bacterial colonization under controlled or environmental conditions and to obtain genetically engineered organisms for environmental release. In addition, current advances in genomic and metagenomic research will add to the number of genes with potential for biotechnological applications, which will require the development of appropriate genetic systems to fulfill their potential for both industrial and agricultural applications. The aim of the present review is to assess the approaches and recent progress in vector design and genetic tools to study and manipulate plant-bacterial interactions, as well as strategies to construct genetically modified strains for environmental release.     

Spatial variability in the carbon of microbial biomass and microbial respiration in soils of the south of Moscow oblast

Soil samples from the upper 10-cm-thick layer of the humus horizon (without forest litter) were taken in Podol’sk and Serpukhov districts (1130 and 1080 km², respectively) of Moscow oblast. At each sampling site, ecosystem (forest, plowland, or fallow), soil (soddy-podzolic, soddy-gley, bog-podzolic, meadow alluvial, gray forest, and anthropogenically transformed soils of lawns and industrial zones), predominant vegetation, and topography (floodplain and low, medium, and upper parts of watersheds) were determined. The carbon content of the microbial biomass (C_mic) was determined by the method of substrate-induced respiration; we also determined the rate of basal (microbial) respiration (BR) and the organic carbon content, pH, and particle-size distribution. Overall, 237 samples from Serpukhov district and 45 samples from Podol’sk district were analyzed. The BR/C_mic ratios (respiration quotient qCO₂) and C_mic/C_org ratios were calculated. The C_mic content in the soils ranged from 43 to 1394 μg C/kg; the BR varied from 0.06 to 25 μg CO₂-C/g per h, qCO₂, from 0.34 to 6.52 μg CO₂-C/mg C_mic per h; and the C_mic/C_org ratio, from 0.19 to 10.65%. It was found that the most significant factors affecting the variability of the C_mic and BR are the parameters of ecosystem (50% and 80%, respectively) and soil (30% and 9%, respectively). The most significant variability of these indices was found in forest soils; it was mainly controlled by the soil texture (33 and 23%) and the C_org content (19 and 24%). The C_mic parameter made it possible to differentiate the soils of the territory for the purposes of their evaluation, monitoring, and biological assessment more clearly than the BR value and the soil chemical characteristics.     

运用Mann-Kendall方法探究地表植被变化趋势及其对地形因子的响应机制——以太湖苕溪流域为例

利用Mann-Kendall方法对浙江太湖苕溪流域植被随时间、高程、坡度序列变化的特征与机制进行分析,结果表明:在2000-2010年间,植被随时间变化波动大,但该流域植被覆盖和空间变异均呈不显著增长趋势,2004年植被覆盖最低,植被空间异质性在2002年至2004年间达到最高水平;植被覆盖随高程、坡度的增加而增长,植被空间变异随高程、坡度的增加呈下降趋势,在高程200 m和坡度15°区域有一突变点.该研究结果不仅揭示了植被随时间、高程、坡度的变化趋势,还揭示了植被发生突变的时间段、高程带、坡度带,为进一步研究植被时空变异规律及驱动因子奠定了基础.     

我国油橄榄中试园土壤条件及其营养指标的研究

1983—1987年对湖北省武昌、宜昌、当阳县和陕西省城固县油橄榄中试园土壤与营养状况进行了研究。结果表明:油橄榄生长较好的(一类树下)土壤条件是pH7—8,CaCO_3>5％,有机质>1.8％,速效N>74.4—87.4mg/kg土,速效P>40mg/kg土,速效K>200mg/kg土,交换性Ca103—181mmol/kg土,交换性Mg24—34mmol/kg土。生长结实好的一类树叶片营养指标为N2.0—2.5％,P_2O_5 0.14％,K_2O 1.5％,CaO 4.0％,MgO 0.8％。通过分析建立了预测产量和施肥控制的回归方程。     

Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity

 The stimulatory effect of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) on soil microbial activity was studied under microcosm-controlled conditions. The hypothesis was tested that microbial stimulation observed in the presence of a soil invertebrate would be due to the utilization of additional nutritive substances (secretion and excretion products) that it provides. Changes in microbial activity were monitored by measuring simultaneously CO₂ release and protozoan population density. The increase in CO₂ released in the presence of earthworms was found to result from both earthworm respiration and enhanced microbial respiration. The stimulation of microbial activity was confirmed by a significant increase in protozoan population density, which was 3–19 times greater in the presence of earthworms. The respiratory rate of L. terrestris was estimated to be 53 μl O₂ g^–1 h^–1. Earthworm respiration significantly correlated with individual earthworm weight, but there was no correlation between the increase in microbial respiration and earthworm weight. This finding does not support the hypothesis given above that enhanced microbial respiration is due to utilization of earthworm excreta. A new hypothesis that relationships between microbial activity and earthworms are not based on trophic links alone but also on catalytic mechanisms is proposed and discussed. Received: 26 August 1997