辽东山区生态土地分类中的植物群落数量分析

采用TWINSPAN分类和PCA、CCA排序的方法对辽东山区样方数据进行植物群落数量分析.结果表明;分类和排序是分析植被与环境关系的有效途径.CCA指示了植物群落与环境因子之间的相关关系.MRPP检验表明,特定的植物群落和环境因子的组合是客观存在的,这种特定的组合构成了特定的生态系统单元.本研究共得到6种群落类型,能够基本指示研究区潜在的植被类型,可用于表征生态土地分类中分类单元的植被类型.制约辽东山区森林群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是坡向、坡度的变化,可将其作为生态土地分类的依据.     

竹林套种竹荪生态栽培技术研究与效益评价

试验研究了不同竹林郁闭度(郁闭度分别为0.6、0.7、0.8和0.9)、竹荪品种(长裙竹荪D89和D1)和竹林类型(散生竹和丛生竹)对林下竹荪生长及经济效益的影响。结果表明:竹林郁闭度对林下竹荪生长的影响极为显著,以郁闭度为0.7的竹林竹荪生长最好,出荪期达2个多月,产量达41.0 kg/667 m²,净利润为9 120元/667 m²;竹林套种不同品种的竹荪其产量和经济效益差异不明显;不同类型的竹林对于竹荪产量及经济效益的影响也不明显。因此,竹林适宜于套种竹荪,同时竹林套种竹荪还可带来减少环境污染、增加就业岗位以及促进竹林可持续经营等多重效益。     

利用污水养殖微藻研究进展

微藻细胞中含有多种可利用的营养成分和化工原料,利用污水培养微藻在生产有价值藻体的同时净化污水,降低了养殖成本,使原本高成本的微藻养殖成为可能。该文从微藻可利用的污水类型及对污水的净化效率、适应污水生长的微藻种类、微藻的采收以及污水养殖得到的藻粉用途等方面的研究进展进行概述,并对未来污水养殖微藻需要继续研究的方向进行了展望。     

云南松脂瘿蚊研究Ⅱ-天敌和治理

云南松脂瘿蚊(Cecidomyia yunnanensis Wu et Zou)是云南松(Pinus yun-nensis)的重要枝梢害虫.以云南省江边林业局的冲头和鲁地林区为基地,在弄清该害虫生物学、生态学特性的基础上,对云南松脂蚊天敌的保护利用进行了研究;以在森林生态系统内充分发挥生物多样性的效能,促进系统内生态平衡的理论为指导,提出在落实合理的林业技术措施的基础上,以保护和培育林下植被,促进自然生防为主,结合修除当年被害枝条以及成虫期有限化防的综合治理策略     

Integrated agricultural management practice improves soil quality in Northeast China

ABSTRACT

Sustainable agricultural management practices have attracted increasing attention due to their significant roles in benefiting the functions and sustainability of agro-ecosystems. An integrated agricultural practice (IP) in a maize cropping system was developed by changing row spacing, adopting no-tillage and residue return in the Northeast China. A 12-year field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of IP and conventional practice (CP) on soil physical properties, microbial biomass and enzyme activity during the cropping season. The results showed that soil organic matter under IP was increased by 17.4, 9.88 and 6.69% in June, August and October, respectively, than CP. IP enhanced microbial biomass C (by 31.7, 25.1 and 30.4% in June, August and October) and activities of invertase, urease and phosphatase (by 27.2–38.0, 78.9–182 and 9.8–29.0%) compared to CP, possibly attributing to an increase in the soil microbial community. Furthermore, the soil pH, water content, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, microbial biomass and some specific enzyme activities varied with sampling time. It is concluded that IP improved soil quality and health by increasing organic matter content and microbial biomass and activity in maize field in Northeast China, suggesting that IP is a feasible management technology for sustainable agriculture.     

Converting restriction fragment length polymorphism to single‐strand conformation polymorphism markers and its application in the fine mapping of a trichome gene in cotton

A well‐characterized and systematically organized collection of genetic markers is crucial in the study of any crop species. It is the basis of map‐based gene cloning and crop improvements through marker‐assisted selections. Single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) has been a robust way of discovering new polymorphisms in marker development without the requirement of sequencing. Here, we report the first approach of applying SSCP marker discovery methods in the genetic map construction and gene mapping of cotton species. A total of 80 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were selected from a region on published cotton genetic maps around the T1 gene related to cotton trichome. Among the 80 RFLPs, 28 showed polymorphisms through SSCP, showing a polymorphic rate of approximately 35%, which is much higher than that of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the same region (7.8%). By integrating these newly generated SSCP markers, a detailed genetic map was reconstructed around this region using an F₂ population derived from a cross between Gossypium arboreum and G. herboceum. The reconstructed region comprises 22 SSCP markers, eight SSR markers and the T1 gene, spanning 21.6 cM. The marker order of the new map agrees well with published reference RFLP maps. The above results suggest that SSCP method can be applied very efficiently and reliably to the marker development of cotton genomes. It will prove to be even more valuable and robust after the public release of cotton whole‐genome sequences.     

无轴式喷水推进泵的水动力特性

为提高现有SDPM-450型喷水推进泵的水动力特性,提出了无轴式喷水推进泵的理念.采用齿轮轮缘驱动结构代替原有的皮带轮--驱动轴传动结构,避免了驱动轴对泵进流场的扰动作用.应用商业CFD软件分别对无轴式喷水推进泵和原模型进行三维建模和数值计算,围绕理论、内部流动和推进性能3个方面进行水动力特性研究.对比分析表明:驱动轴的摒弃降低了进水流道的损失系数和伴流系数,减小了不均匀进流对喷水推进泵速度场的扰动,进而加强了喷水推进泵的过流能力和做功能力;无轴式结构增强了喷水推进器的推进性能,在高航速区间内尤为明显,推力增大了20%,推进效率提高了15%;高效区间向高航速方向延伸,船舶的航行范围得以拓宽,平均增幅为3~5节.因此,无轴式喷水推进器结构上具有可行性,水动力特性上具有优越性,该研究为喷水推进装置的未来发展提供了一个方向.     

榛子嫩枝扦插生根相关氧化酶活性变化及繁殖技术

选用品种(品系)、生长素(IBA、α-NAA)、质量分数3个因素,采用L16(42×29)正交设计研究榛子嫩枝扦插繁殖技术,研究生根过程中过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)的活性变化.结果表明:生长素质量分数对扦插生根率影响最大,依次为品种、生长素种类.不同质量分数水平间生根率差异极显著,IBA 0.03%质量分数处理的插穗生根率最高.不同品种间生根指数差异显著,巴赛罗娜生根指数最大.榛子嫩枝扦插生根过程可分为愈伤组织形成期、诱导期和表达期3个阶段.POD活性在愈伤组织形成期呈上升趋势,表达期下降;PPO活性在愈伤组织形成期和诱导期上升,表达期下降;IAAO活性在愈伤组织形成期上升,诱导期和表达期下降.     

新疆主要玉米杂交种及亲本DNA指纹数据库构建

通过对新疆目前推广的8个主要玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的RAPD分析,初步构建了新疆玉米DNA指纹图谱及数据库,探索了RAPD技术在玉米种质鉴定和纯度分析中的应用.结果表明,8个玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的指纹图谱多态性丰富,仅用一个引物即可以将24个材料完全区分开,表明了该指纹数据库在玉米品种鉴定与种子纯度分析中应用的可行性.     

基于AOS的扩展C-V模型及背景填充耦合的单板节子缺陷识别

分析木材单板节子缺陷图像的特点,提出一种基于AOS的扩展C-V模型及背景填充耦合的单板节子缺陷识别算法。首先,对Chan-Vese提出的基于Mumford-Shah模型的水平集图像分割算法进行改进,使分割速度得到提高;其次,用AOS算法改进原模型的差分格式,使得差分格式无条件稳定;最后,结合背景填充技术,使得到的新图像缩减了目标与背景间的特征差别。通过对比试验,表明该分割方法能够快速识别单板单个节子缺陷,充分说明该耦合方法比Chan-Vese方法及其改进方法有更好的分割效果。通过用多水平集作为初始轮廓演化曲线,结果表明该方法也可快速实现对单板多节子缺陷图像的识别,实现对单板节子图像的多目标分割。