独龙族独龙鸡品种现状及保护规划

2006年8月,笔者对贡山县独龙江乡独龙族养殖的"独龙鸡"(未认定的地方品种)的生长习性、品种特征等进行了调查,结果表明:独龙鸡是独龙族祖辈养的鸡;目前的种群数量只有约200只,处于濒危物种边缘,整个流域分布上呈现明显的核心区、杂交区及无独龙鸡区;与其它的土和新品种鸡相比,外表和基因特征上有明显的区别,在肉质、营养、产蛋量及抗病性上比其它新品种鸡具有明显的优势;当地社区和农户一直保护着独龙鸡,主要是因为其具有很强的抗病性,而其它新品鸡与独龙鸡的杂交后代却没有这样强抗病性。     

First report of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neospora caninum</Emphasis> infection in cattle in Sudan

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sudan to determine sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infection in non-vaccinated dairy herds and to assess importance of the disease. Blood samples were collected from a total of 262 animals from 25 herds. Sera were tested for antibodies against N. caninum using ELISA test. The prevalence rates of N. caninum antibodies in cattle were high both at herd level (44%) and at individual animal level (10.7%). Herd level infection rates were similar in Khartoum State (43.7%) and at Gazira States (44.4%). The overall prevalence rates were higher (16.1%) in Gazira State than in Khartoum State (9%) but with no significant variation. The sero-prevalence at individual animal level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in animals with history of abortion (12.8%) than in apparently healthy animal (11.3%), animal with history of infertility (8.1%), or neonatal death of calves (4.3%). In addition, significantly higher (P < 0.05) sero-prevalence was observed in samples collected during the rainy season (6.87%) than winter (3.05%) or summer (0.76%). However, no significant differences in sero-prevalence due to locality, animal breed, sex, and age were observed (p > 0.05). This preliminary study reveals for the first time the existence of natural N. caninum infection in Sudan. Also, the findings of the present study indicated that this disease is highly prevalent in two major areas of dairy production in the country, and this calls for control strategy to be implemented.     

生物毒素灭治草原害鼠研究及其应用

用 C 型肉毒梭菌经过滤除菌的外毒素作为杀鼠剂,并用浸泡法配制成各种浓度的毒素毒饵,系灭草原害鼠。此杀鼠剂用药量少、灭鼠效果好、而且成本低、残效期短、不污染环境、无二次中毒、无“三致”作用,对人畜安全、使用方便、生产简单。毒素杀鼠剂的使用为国内外首创,在我国推广面积已达227万公顷,深受群众欢迎,取得了极好的经济效益和社会效益。     

桑树资源综合利用研究概述

蚕丝业起源于中国,栽桑养蚕是中华民族几千年来的古老传统,形成农、工、商、贸一体化的特色丝绸产业.一直以来,蚕桑生产的主要产品是蚕茧,目的产物是生丝."种好桑、养好蚕、产好丝"是传统蚕业的固有思维模式和生产习惯.     

桑尺蠖和丝棉木金星尺蠖的微孢子虫对家蚕病原性和胚种传染性研究

从桑尺蠖（ＨｅｍｅｒｏｐｈｉｌａａｔｒｉｌｉｎｅａｔａＢｕｔｌｅｒ）中分离的微孢子虫（简称桑尺蠖微孢子虫），形态为长卵圆形，大小为３．５～４．１×１．６～１．９μｍ。从丝棉木金星尺蠖（ＣａｌｏｓｐｉｌｏｓｓｕｓｐｅｃｔａＷａｒｒｅｎ）中分离的微孢子虫（简称丝棉木金星尺蠖微孢子虫），形状为卵圆形，大小为３．２～３．７×１．６～２．１μｍ。两种微孢子虫均能感染寄生家蚕的主要组织器官，引起蚕儿发病，但致病力要比家蚕微孢子虫（Ｎｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ）弱，且能经卵传染给下一代，其胚种传染率要比家蚕微孢子虫低。     

Separating component parts of soil respiration under <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> plantation in the Taihang Mountains,China

Partitioning the respiratory components of soil surface CO₂ efflux is important in understanding carbon turnover and in identifying the soil carbon sink/source function in response to land-use change. The sensitivities of soil respiration components on changing climate patterns are currently not fully understood. We used trench and isotopic methods to separate total soil respiration into autotrophic (R _A ) and heterotrophic components (R _H ). This study was undertaken on a Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation in the southern Taihang Mountains, China. The fractionation of soil ¹³CO₂ was analyzed by comparing the δ¹³C of soil CO₂ extracted from buried steel tubes with results from Gas Vapor Probe Kits at a depth of 50 cm at the preliminary test (2.03‰). The results showed that the contribution of autotrophic respiration (fR _A ) increased with increasing soil depth. The contribution of heterotrophic respiration (fR _H ) declined with increasing soil depth. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was similar whether estimated by the trench method (fR _A , 23.50%) or by the isotopic method in which a difference in value of ¹³C between soil and plant prevailed in the natural state (RC, 21.03%). The experimental error produced by the trench method was insignificant as compared with that produced by the isotopic method, providing a technical basis for further investigations.     

皮下包埋两性霉素B对兔真菌性皮肤病治疗效果研究

兔真菌性皮肤病是一类传染性极强的人畜共患接触性皮肤病。试验选取体重相近,已感染真菌性皮肤病的吉戎兔15只,分为3组,每组5只,试验组Ⅰ为对照组,注射生理盐水,组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ皮下分别包埋5mg和10mg的两性霉素颗粒剂。给药前和给药后第10天、第20天和第30天分别称重,并观察测定兔皮毛生长及秃斑恢复情况。结果表明,试验组兔增重均高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05),试验末期组II和组Ⅲ秃斑恢复分别达95%和90%。因此,采用皮下包埋的给药方式有效地延长了两性霉素B的药效时间,可有效治愈兔真菌性皮肤病。     

Leucine stimulates mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in C2C12 myoblasts in part through inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the main signaling pathways controlling protein synthesis. Leucine treatment upregulates mTOR signaling, which enhances protein synthesis; however, the mechanisms are not well understood. Herein, treatment of C2C12 myoblast cells with leucine enhanced the phosphorylation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Leucine treatment also decreased the adenosine monophosphate/ATP ratio in myoblasts by 36.4 +/- 9.1% (P < 0.05) and reduced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha subunit at Thr172 (28.6 +/- 4.9% reduction, P < 0.05) and inhibited AMPK activity (43.6 +/- 3.5% reduction, P < 0.05). In addition, leucine increased the phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser2448 by 63.5 +/- 10.0% (P < 0.05) and protein synthesis by 30.6 +/- 6.1% (P < 0.05). Applying 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide 1-beta-d-ribonucleoside, an activator of AMPK, abolished the stimulation of mTOR signaling by leucine, showing that AMPK negatively controls mTOR signaling. To further show the role of AMPK in mTOR signaling, myoblasts expressing a dominant negative AMPKalpha subunit were employed. Negative myoblasts had very low AMPK activity. The activation of mTOR induced by leucine in these cells was abated, showing that AMPK contributed to mTOR activation. In conclusion, leucine stimulates mTOR signaling in part through AMPK inhibition. This study implicates AMPK as an important target for nutritional management to enhance mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in muscle cells, thereby increasing muscle growth.     

Village poultry consumption and marketing in relation to gender,religious festivals and market access

This study aimed to examine village poultry consumption and marketing in Ethiopia in relation to gender, socio-cultural events and market access. The main objects of the research were producers, poultry markets, producer-sellers, and intermediary sellers in three locations representing different levels of market access in Tigray. About 3000 farm records were collected over a period of 12 months from 131 producers to obtain quantitative data on sales and consumption. Ninety-three semi-structured interviews with 58 producer-sellers and 35 intermediaries and 12 group discussions with these market actors were conducted to explore organization, price dynamics and socio-cultural aspects of poultry marketing. In total, 928 producer-sellers and 225 intermediaries were monitored monthly to examine participation by gender in poultry marketing. Better market access was associated with a shorter market chain and higher prices for the producers. Female-headed households had smaller poultry sales and consumption per household but sale and consumption per family member were 25% and 66% higher, respectively, than in male-headed households. While women dominated in the producer-sellers group, intermediaries were mainly men. Religious festivals periodically shifted local demand and prices of poultry. To improve the benefit of poultry keeping, poverty-stricken households may profit from better market access through better market information, infrastructure, market group formation and careful planning to match the dynamics in demand.     

鄱阳湖区血吸虫病流行病学调查与疫情分析

为了调查湖区血吸虫病流行环境与传染源构比,找出主要传染源、传播途径和场所,进一步揭示流行规律,为制定血防对策提供依据.调查范围为鄱阳县及两乡四村.结果,草洲钉螺占99.4%,90%以上牛上洲放牧,人粪流放率31%,其中渔民78%,牛粪流放率78%,其中64%直接污染草洲水体,野粪构比中牛占92.8%,传播粪量牛占98.85%,人占0.96%,其中渔民占0.12%.结论认为湖区疫情重,主要传染源是牛,主要感染途径是接触疫水,疫水形成的主因是牛上洲放牧,主要感染场所是草洲及周边水体.增加血防投入,稳定队伍,实施查治病和＂四个突破＂为主体的防治策略,控制畜源性传染源,净化环境与草洲,切断传播途径,才能有效控制血吸虫病.