Neutron-mapping polymer flow: scattering, flow visualization, and molecular theory

Flows of complex fluids need to be understood at both macroscopic and molecular scales, because it is the macroscopic response that controls the fluid behavior, but the molecular scale that ultimately gives rise to rheological and solid-state properties. Here the flow field of an entangled polymer melt through an extended contraction, typical of many polymer processes, is imaged optically and by small-angle neutron scattering. The dual-probe technique samples both the macroscopic stress field in the flow and the microscopic configuration of the polymer molecules at selected points. The results are compared with a recent "tube model" molecular theory of entangled melt flow that is able to calculate both the stress and the single-chain structure factor from first principles. The combined action of the three fundamental entangled processes of reptation, contour length fluctuation, and convective constraint release is essential to account quantitatively for the rich rheological behavior. The multiscale approach unearths a new feature: Orientation at the length scale of the entire chain decays considerably more slowly than at the smaller entanglement length.     

Rotation and Magnetism of Earth's Inner Core

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the geodynamo suggest that a super- rotation of Earth's solid inner core relative to the mantle is maintained by magnetic coupling between the inner core and an eastward thermal wind in the fluid outer core. This mechanism, which is analogous to a synchronous motor, also plays a fundamental role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field.     

甘南高寒地区施用有机肥对燕麦草产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同有机肥对高寒地区燕麦草产量及土壤肥力的影响,本试验共设置 ５ 个不同的施肥处理,生育期 120 d后测定了燕麦鲜草产量和干草产量,并分析了土壤的理化性质。试验结果表明：不同的有机肥对高寒地区燕麦草产量影响较大,燕麦鲜草产量结合播种施 1 号燕麦专用有机肥作基肥,在分蘖期追施 2 号燕麦专用有机肥处理组最高,为 82 000 kg/hm2,本试验生产的有机肥处理组次之。此外,经土壤化学性质检测,各处理组有机质含量均较施肥前有所增加,本试验生产的有机肥处理组有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量最高,说明以牛羊粪为原料通过益生菌发酵自制的有机肥可以有效提高土壤肥力水平。     

日粮中添加油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究在日粮中添加油料籽实对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳脂肪酸组成及生产性能的影响,为提高奶牛乳脂中共轭哑油酸(CLA)含量,改善乳品质寻找合适的途径.试验选取16头泌乳前期(62±11)d、胎次一致(3胎)、泌乳量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组(对照组、菜籽组、亚麻籽组、葵花籽组),每组4头.试验共进行40 d(预试期10 d,正试期30 d),分别在正试期第1天、第15天和第30天测定乳产量、分析乳成分,用气相色谱仪分析乳脂肪酸组成.结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加油料籽实,显著提高了奶牛的泌乳性能(P<0.05),降低了乳脂率(P<0.05),对乳中其他常规成分影响差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮中添加葵花籽后乳脂中CLA含量提高98.28%(P<0.05).菜籽组、亚麻籽组、葵花籽组的乳脂中C14:0和C16:0的含量分别比对照组降低了17.86%和26.75%、15.99%和27.18%、21.99%和21.74%.乳脂中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量分别比对照组提高40.83%、47.06%和41.52%(P<0.05).乳脂中的t11-C18:1(x)与CLA(y)的比例(%)存在正相关性,y=0.34x 0.20,R<'=0.696 2(P<0.01).日粮中添加植物油籽显著提高了乳脂中CLA、PUFA的比例,降低了C14:0和C16:0的比例,改善了乳脂的构成,提高了乳品质.