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61.
Shirin Zamani-Nour Rosemarie Clemens Christian Möllers 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(3):953-965
Cytoplasmic genomes in most angiosperms are known to be maternally inherited. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as a natural amphidiploid species hence may carry the B. oleracea L. or the B. rapa L. cytoplasm, depending on the cross direction. The presence of either the B. oleracea or the B. rapa cytoplasm in oilseed rape has been reported to affect agronomically important traits. However, to date little is known about the cytoplasmic composition and genetic diversity of current winter oilseed rape cultivars and breeding material. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of 40 previously published chloroplast cpSSR markers from Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. for distinguishing the cytoplasms of 49 different genotypes of B. napus and its diploid ancestor species. Results showed that only 14 out of the 40 tested primer combinations were suitable to distinguish the cytoplasms of a test set of 8 Brassica genotypes. With the 14 primer pairs 64 different cpSSR alleles were identified in the set of 49 genotypes. Cluster analysis indicated distinct groups for the cytoplasms of B. napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea. However, an unambiguous identification and classification of the cytoplasm types was not possible in all cases with the available polymorphic set of cpSSR primer pairs. 相似文献
62.
Clemens Lamberth 《Pest management science》2013,69(10):1106-1114
An overview is given of the significance of heterocycles in crop protection chemistry, which is enormous as more than two‐thirds of all agrochemicals launched to the market within the last 20 years belong to this huge group of chemicals. This review focuses on two important aspects of heterocyclic agrochemistry: the different roles of heterocyclic scaffolds in crop protection agents and the major possibilities for their synthesis. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
63.
Samantha Badil Diane G. Elliott Tomofumi Kurobe Ronald P. Hedrick Kathy Clemens Marilyn Blair 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(1):19-29
Abstract Nucleospora salmonis is an intranuclear microsporidian that primarily infects lymphoblast cells and contributes to chronic lymphoblastosis and a leukemia-like condition in a range of salmonid species. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of N. salmonis in out-migrating juvenile hatchery and wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss from the Snake River in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. To achieve this goal, we first addressed the following concerns about current molecular diagnostic tests for N. salmonis: (1) nonspecific amplification patterns by the published nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) test, (2) incomplete validation of the published quantitative PCR (qPCR) test, and (3) whether N. salmonis can be detected reliably from nonlethal samples. Here, we present an optimized nPCR protocol that eliminates nonspecific amplification. During validation of the published qPCR test, our laboratory developed a second qPCR test that targeted a different gene sequence and used different probe chemistry for comparison purposes. We simultaneously evaluated the two different qPCR tests for N. salmonis and found that both assays were highly specific, sensitive, and repeatable. The nPCR and qPCR tests had good overall concordance when DNA samples derived from both apparently healthy and clinically diseased hatchery rainbow trout were tested. Finally, we demonstrated that gill snips were a suitable tissue for nonlethal detection of N. salmonis DNA in juvenile salmonids. Monitoring of juvenile salmonid fish in the Snake River over a 3-year period revealed low prevalence of N. salmonis in hatchery and wild Chinook salmon and wild steelhead but significantly higher prevalence in hatchery-derived steelhead. Routine monitoring of N. salmonis is not performed for all hatchery steelhead populations. At present, the possible contribution of this pathogen to delayed mortality of steelhead has not been determined. Received September 14, 2010; accepted November 14, 2010 相似文献
64.
Jiancheng Song Joanna Murdoch Andrew Young John Clemens 《Biological conservation》2008,141(8):2041-2053
Clianthus is an acutely threatened, bird-pollinated genus endemic to New Zealand, represented in the wild by only one population of C. puniceus and 11 populations of C. maximus, each with very few individuals (typically <10 per population). A limited number of named Clianthus cultivars of indeterminate origin are commonly grown as ornamentals. Genomic DNA from individual Clianthus plants was extracted for genetic diversity analysis using a range of molecular markers, including amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Data were analysed by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA), the generation of Neighbor-Joining trees, and analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA). Genetic distance between wild populations of C. maximus was highly correlated with geographical distance between populations. Sequencing of intron 2 of a putative partial homologue of the floral meristem identity gene LEAFY (CmLFY) revealed a 7 bp deletion that was exhibited homozygously in the more northern populations of C. maximus, and in all individuals tested from the sole population of C. puniceus. This deletion was not exhibited in more southern populations of C. maximus. Further, one geographically intermediate population contained some plants that were heterozygous for the deletion. Parallel analyses of cultivated Clianthus genotypes, more than half of which were also homozygous for the 7 bp deletion, showed that these were not representative of the broad, but threatened, diversity remaining in the wild. It is argued that wild populations of C. maximus are unlikely to have arisen from the escape of plants from cultivation. Conservation effort should focus on the protection and study of the extant plants in these wild populations, rather than on the introduction of disturbance regimes to uncover potential seed banks. 相似文献
65.
66.
Role of large‐ and fine‐scale variables in predicting catch rates of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette Basin,Oregon
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Luke D. Schultz Mariah P. Mayfield Gabe T. Sheoships Lance A. Wyss Benjamin J. Clemens Steven L. Whitlock Carl B. Schreck 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2016,25(2):261-271
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is an anadromous fish native to the Pacific Northwest of the USA. That has declined substantially over the last 40 years. Effective conservation of this species will require an understanding of the habitat requirements for each life history stage. Because its life cycle contains extended freshwater rearing (3–8 years), the larval stage may be a critical factor limiting abundance of Pacific lamprey. The objective of our study was to estimate the influence of barriers and habitat characteristics on the catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA. We sampled lampreys at multiple locations in wadeable streams throughout the basin in 2011–13 and used an information theoretic approach to examine the relative influence of fine‐ and large‐scale predictors of CPUE. Pacific lamprey was observed across the basin, but its relative abundance appeared to be limited by the presence of natural and artificial barriers in some sub‐basins. Lower velocity habitats such as off‐channel areas and pools contained higher densities of larval lamprey; mean Pacific lamprey CPUE in off‐channel habitats was 4 and 32 times greater than in pools and riffles respectively. Restoration and conservation strategies that improve fish passage, enhance natural hydrologic and depositional processes and increase habitat heterogeneity will likely benefit larval Pacific lamprey. 相似文献
67.
Rösch D Krumbein A Mügge C Kroh LW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(13):4039-4046
Four flavonol glycosides were isolated from an extract of sea buckthorn pomace (Hippopha? rhamnoides) by Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography and semipreparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by hydrolysis studies, ESI-MS(n), UV, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The occurrence of the major flavonol glycoside kaempferol 3-O-beta-sophoroside-7-O-alpha-rhamnoside in sea buckthorn is described here for the first time. A further 21 flavonol glycosides of Sephadex LH-20 fractions of sea buckthorn pomace were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. The characteristic MS-MS and MS(3) fragmentation pattern of flavonol glycosides previously identified in sea buckthorn juice and of flavonol glycosides identified by NMR spectroscopy gave valuable indications for their identification. The results demonstrate that loss of the sugar moiety from C-7 of the aglycon is more favored than fission of the glycosidic linkage at the C-3 position. Thus, most of the compounds identified were 7-rhamnosides of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, which exhibit different substitution patterns at the C-3 position, mainly glucosides, rutinosides, and sophorosides. In addition, numerous flavonol glycosides were detected lacking a sugar moiety at C-7. Finally, eight flavonol derivatives were identified that are acylated by hydroxybenzoic or hydoxycinnamic acids. 相似文献
68.
温度与有机负荷对猪粪厌氧发酵过程的影响 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
为提高畜禽养殖场沼气工程能源利用效率,降低工程运行成本.该文通过全混式半连续试验,以猪粪为发酵原料,研究不同温度(20、28、38℃)和有机负荷(0.3、1.3、2.3、3.3、4.3 kg/(m3·d))条件下,甲烷产率、挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)及总无机碳(total inorganic carbon,TIC)的变化特征.结果表明:20℃条件下,反应器启动缓慢,甲烷产率低.当有机负荷增加全1.3 kg/(m3·d)以上时,反应器运行不稳定,需外加NaHCO3调节pH值;在28℃与38℃条件下,各有机负荷甲烷产率无明显差异,但是在较高有机负荷3.3和4.3 kg/(m3·d)下运行时,28℃条件下产生挥发性脂肪酸积累的现象,系统缓冲能力缺乏,VFA/TIC值分别达到0.4和0.6.当实际沼气工程低负荷率运行时,可选择28℃作为发酵温度,以达到节省能源、提高沼气工程经济效益的目的.该研究可为实际沼气工程运行管理提供数据参考. 相似文献
69.
The spatial in situ variability of soil N2O emissions (measured by micro-chambers, radius 0.033 m), N2O content, water content, NO3
–, NH4
+, inorganic carbon and organic carbon concentrations was investigated on a silt loam by means of geostatistical methods and
nonparametric statistics. The sampling grid consisted of different spacings between sampling points which ranged from 0.1 m
to 50 m. There were no significant correlations between N2O emissions and soil parameters (P>0.1) when all the sampling points were considered. In the centre of the grid a "hot area" was localized with significantly
higher N2O emissions, and NO3
– and NH4
+ concentrations (P≤0.05). Within this hot area the N2O soil content significantly correlated with N2O emissions (P≤0.05). When semiovariograms were computed without data of the hot area samples, N2O emissions showed a weak spatial correlation (range: 4.3 m). The calculations including all data led to pure nugget effects
for all parameters except for soil water content (range >40 m) and N2O soil content (range 16.4 m).
Received: 19 December 1997 相似文献
70.
Josué H. Rakotoniaina Peter M. Kappeler Eva Kaesler Anni M. Hämäläinen Clemens Kirschbaum Cornelia Kraus 《BMC ecology》2017,17(1):30