邻水县农村产业系统基础线性规划模型

利用系统分析和诊断的结果,在众多的系统模型方案中,选择了线性规划为该系统的总模型。经多次反馈和反复模拟运算,从而确定了系统基础线性规划总模型,为邻水县近期和1990、1995和2000三个年段的系统总模型方案的设定奠定了基础。     

Chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of water extracts of Chinese propolis

The present study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the water extract of propolis (WEP) collected from 26 locations in China. Spectrophotometry was used to determine the physicochemical properties and the chemical constituents of WEP. Phenolic compounds in WEP were identified by RP-HPLC-DAD with reference standards. The antioxidant activities [characterized by reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability] of WEP were also measured. Results show that epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, morin, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, naringenin, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, pinocembrin, and chrysin are the major functional phenolic compounds in Chinese WEPs. Furthermore, most WEPs show strong antioxidant activities, which are significantly correlated with E(1cm)(1%), an index for the estimation of the quality of WEP. WEPs also contain many more active constituents than ethanol extracts of propolis.     

Allelic diversity of a beer haze active protein gene in cultivated and Tibetan wild barley and development of allelic specific markers

The formation of haze is a serious quality problem in beer production. It has been shown that the use of silica elute (SE)-ve malt (absence of molecular weight (MW) ～14000 Da) for brewing can improve haze stability in the resultant beer, and the protein was identified as a barley trypsin inhibitor of the chloroform/methanol type (BTI-CMe). The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the allelic diversity of the gene controlling BTI-CMe in cultivated and Tibetan wild barley and (2) allele-specific (AS) markers for screening SE protein type. A survey of 172 Tibetan annual wild barley accessions and 71 cultivated barley genotypes was conducted, and 104 wild accessions and 35 cultivated genotypes were identified as SE+ve and 68 wild accessions and 36 cultivated genotypes as SE-ve. The allelic diversity of the gene controlling BTI-CMe was investigated by cloning, alignment, and association analysis. It was found that there were significant differences between the SE+ve and SE-ve types in single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 234 (SNP(234)), SNP(313), and SNP(385.) Furthermore, two sets of AS markers were developed to screen SE protein type based on SNP(313). AS-PCR had results very similar to those obtained by immunoblot method. Mapping analysis showed that the gene controlling the MW～14 kDa band was located on the short arm of chromosome 3H, at the position of marker BPB-0527 (33.302 cM) in the Franklin/Yerong DH population.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity, external mycelium length, and glomalin-related soil protein content in response to long-term fertilizer management

Purpose

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial for ecosystem functioning and can contribute to the formation and maintenance of soil aggregates through the exudation of glomalin by extraradical hyphae. Monitoring fertilization effects on AM fungi may help us to develop sound management strategies. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of long-term fertilization on AM fungal parameters and to find out the key factor that affects the diversity and function of AM fungi.

Materials and methods

A long-term fertilization experiment established in a sandy loam soil at northern China has received continuous fertilization treatments for 21 years, including control; mineral fertilizers of NK, PK, NP, and NPK; organic manure (OM); and half organic manure N plus half mineral fertilizer N (1/2 OMN). Top soil samples (0–15 cm) from three individual plots per treatment were collected for the analysis of chemical properties and fungal parameters. The population size of soil AM fungi was determined by real-time PCR, and the community composition was analyzed using PCR-denature gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing techniques. The external mycelium of AM fungi was assessed using the grid-line intersect method, and the glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was extracted with citrate solution using bovine serum albumin as a standard.

Results and discussion

Long-term fertilization significantly increased (P?<?0.05) soil organic C content, AM fungal population, species richness (R), Shannon–Wiener index (H), and GRSP content, except for the P-deficiency (NK) fertilization treatment. OM had a significantly greater (P?<?0.05) impact on AM fungal population and GRSP content compared to mineral fertilizers but significantly decreased the length of external mycelium compared to the control (P?<?0.05). Fertilization also changed the community composition of AM fungi, and the P-deficiency treatment again had the slightest influence. In addition, most species recovered from the DGGE profiles belonged to three genera, Glomus, Diversispora, and Archaeospora. Redundancy analysis showed that the population size and species richness of AM fungi and the GRSP content all significantly correlated to soil organic C content (P?<?0.05).

Conclusions

Long-term P-containing fertilization, especially the application of OM, greatly increased the population size, species richness, and species diversity of AM fungi, as well as the contents of GRSP and soil organic C, but tended to decrease the length of external mycelium, while the P-deficiency fertilization had no such effect, suggesting that P was the key factor to maintain soil fertility as well as soil AM fungal diversity in this sandy loam soil.     

灯盏花内生细菌分离及其鉴定

为了解决灯盏花资源紧缺问题,对灯盏花植株及其根际土壤内生细菌进行分离鉴定。利用纯培养方法分离植物内生细菌,根据菌株形态及16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析对分离到的内生细菌进行鉴定。结果表明获得内生细菌共100株,植株中分离得到62株、土壤中分离得到38株,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和假单孢属(Pseudomonas)为灯盏花和根际土壤内生细菌的优势属,分别占总数的55%、28%。表明灯盏花不同部位和根际土壤内生细菌的数量、分布和种群存有差异性,叶部和正常根际土壤中分离到的内生细菌种类最多。     

玉米对弯孢菌叶斑病抗性的遗传效应分析

通过对玉米不同组合F1代对弯孢菌叶斑病抗性的分析,发现抗×感组合F1代的抗性大多介于双亲之间,而抗×抗组合和感×感组合F1代的抗性大多超过双亲,特别是抗×抗组合F1代的抗性具有一定的累加现象。不同正反交组合的抗性分析表明:抗性遗传不具有细胞质效应,属于细胞核遗传。F2代抗性分离检测证明,玉米对弯孢菌叶斑病的抗性是由多基因控制。     

转GAFP-NPI基因香石竹

将双价抗病基因转入同一植物,是增强植物抗病性、拓宽抗病谱的有效措施.在建立香石竹叶片离体培养再生体系的基础上,将兔防御素基因(NP-I)和天麻毒蛋白基因(gastrodia antifungal protein,GaFP)构建在同一个植物表达载体pBin35SGAFP-NPI上,通过农杆菌介导法,利用香石竹叶片作外植体,将GAFP-NPI双价抗病基因导入香石竹品种Asso、Tuareg、ciao Bianco,经卡那霉素筛选共获得300余株转基因植株,并进行多重PCR检测,证明GAFP-NPI双价抗病基因已整合进香石竹的基因组中.琼脂糖孔隙扩散实验证明转基因香石竹对绿色木霉具有抑菌活性,说明了GAFP和NPI双价抗病基因在转基因植株中得到了表达.     

“肯定列表制度”对中国食品和农产品出口的影响及对策

日本针对农业化学品残留量发布的“肯定列表制度”已于2006年5月29日正式实施。由于其严格的限量标准导致中国出口日本的多批食品和农产品由于残留超标而出口受阻。从“肯定列表制度”实施背景、具体内容和对中国出口的影响进行了简要分析,并就具体的应对措施作了进一步探讨。     

棉花抗黄萎病生理与生化机制研究

本文概述了棉花抗黄萎病的特点与规律,指出棉花植株是通过自身组织结构的强化、植物抗毒素的合成以及微生物之间的互作三方面应对黄萎病菌的侵染。认为棉花植株主要通过促进木质素生成和增加积累量以强化组织结构。在棉花抗病反应中以植物抗毒素的合成为主要途径,包括萜类、酶类和激素类3类化学物质,其中酶类物质如几丁质酶已经在很多植物中被证明具有抗病作用,但是其具体作用途径仍不清楚。土壤中某些微生物也可以对黄萎病菌产生作用。重点讨论了在棉花抗黄萎病信号通路中重要分子磷酸激酶和磷酸酯酶在植株抗性防卫中起着级联调控开关的作用,在现有信号调控研究基础上其在抗病机制中可能的参与途径。对目前棉花抗黄萎病分子育种研究中存在的主要问题和可能的解决途径进行了探讨,展望了其发展的方向。     

HPLC法测定不同品种鸡蛋中VA和VE含量

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定鸡蛋中的VA和VE含量,样品经皂化后,用石油醚—乙醚萃取,浓缩挥干,用异丙醇溶解后进样。以C18为固定相,甲醇—水(93∶7)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,采用双波长检测,分别为325nm处测定VA,290nm处测定VE。结果VA含量为0.00151～0.08300g/L,与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系;VE含量为0.00531～0.29200g/L,与峰面积呈线性关系。采用HPLC法使鸡蛋中的VA和VE含量测定快速,灵敏,简便易行。