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101.
Steven Alan Wakelin Guixin Chu Richard Lardner Yongchao Liang Mike McLaughlin 《Pedobiologia》2010,53(2):149-68
Long-term diversity-disturbance responses of soil bacterial communities to copper were determined from field-soils (Spalding; South Australia) exposed to Cu in doses ranging from 0 through to 4012 mg Cu kg−1 soil. Nearly 6 years after application of Cu, the structure of the total bacterial community showed change over the Cu gradient (PCR-DGGE profiling). 16S rRNA clone libraries, generated from unexposed and exposed (1003 mg Cu added kg−1 soil) treatments, had significantly different taxa composition. In particular, Acidobacteria were abundant in unexposed soil but were nearly absent from the Cu-exposed sample (P<0.05), which was dominated by Firmicute bacteria (P<0.05). Analysis of community profiles of Acidobacteria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas showed significant changes in structural composition with increasing soil Cu. The diversity (Simpsons index) of the Acidobacteria community was more sensitive to increasing concentrations of CaCl-extractable soil Cu (CuExt) than other groups, with decline in diversity occurring at 0.13 CuExt mg kg−1 soil. In contrast, diversity in the Bacillus community increased until 10.4 CuExt mg kg−1 soil, showing that this group was 2 orders of magnitude more resistant to Cu than Acidobacteria. Sphingomonas was the most resistant to Cu; however, this group along with Pseudomonas represented only a small percentage of total soil bacteria. Changes in bacterial community structure, but not diversity, were concomitant with a decrease in catabolic function (BioLog). Reduction in function followed a dose-response pattern with CuExt levels (R2=0.86). The EC50 for functional loss was 0.21 CuExt mg kg−1 soil, which coincided with loss of Acidobacteria diversity. The microbial responses were confirmed as being due to Cu and not shifts in soil pH (from use of CuSO4) as parallel Zn-based field plots (ZnSO4) were dissimilar. Changes in the diversity of most bacterial groups with soil Cu followed a unimodal response - i.e. diversity initially increased with Cu addition until a critical value was reached, whereupon it sharply decreased. These responses are indicative of the intermediate-disturbance-hypothesis, a macroecological theory that has not been widely tested in environmental microbial ecosystems. 相似文献
102.
Organic residues provide the fundamental energy supply supporting soil fungal communities. Provision of adequate energy is required for soil microbial communities to adapt and function in the presence of ecological stress, such as copper (Cu) contamination. However, contamination can also lead to decreased ecological fitness of microorganisms, limiting their ability to access substrates. Thus, complex interactions exist between substrates, metals, energy supply/accessibility, fungal communities and their processes, and these have implications for ecosystem processes. We investigated the interaction between energy resources and Cu tolerance on soil fungal communities, including Fusarium and Trichoderma (model disease causing and beneficial genera). Using quantitative PCR and DGGE fingerprinting, the effects of increasing soil Cu levels (0 to >3000 mg Cu kg−1 soil) on size and structure of soil fungal communities were tested under basal and plant-residue (medic; Medicago trunculata) added conditions. The interaction between increasing soil Cu levels and the addition of plant resources on fungal community structure was tested using multivariate analysis. The relative size (DNA copies per unit of soil DNA) of soil fungal communities, including Trichoderma and Fusarium, significantly (P < 0.05) increased (94% and 32% respectively) with addition of medic to soil. In medic-applied samples, the bacterial to fungal ratio decreased, demonstrating the selective influence of the cellulose-rich substrate on the fungal community. Under the high nutrient conditions fungal DNA increased as a fraction of the total soil DNA, demonstrating the tolerance of fungi to Cu (relative to other microbiota) given adequate energy resources. Copper had no impact on the abundance of Fusarium or Trichoderma, but significantly affected community structure (PERMANOVA; P < 0.05). With increasing Cu, species selection and replacement could be observed, particularly in soils where medic had been included. Plant residue addition itself was a highly selective factor affecting the structure of communities of Trichoderma and Fusarium (P < 0.05). The effects of increasing Cu could be seen in both medic and basal soils for Trichoderma, but only in the basal treatments for soil Fusarium. This was due to very low dispersion in Fusarium community structure in the medic-added treatment (PERMDISP; P < 0.05). The results show the interactive influence of organic matter inputs and heavy metal contamination on size and structure of soil fungal communities. The data show that species selection and replacement is an important mechanism for community adaptation to increasing levels of soil Cu, and this mechanism can be influenced by addition of resources to the soil. 相似文献
103.
104.
25 ̄35年生兴安落叶松母树林丰产结构是密度为300株/hm^2,Ⅰ级木占75%、Ⅱ级木占25%;偏雌,中间型,偏雄母树比例为6:0:4,其球果产量为203kg/hm^2,种子品质也较好。在促进开花结实措施中,以环状砍皮方法效果较好,结实率为90%,单株产量提高60%;施肥中磷肥的效果显著,其施肥量为60g/m^2。 相似文献
105.
D M Hawks A M Legendre B W Rohrbach R Sebring L Chavez H J Chu W M Acree 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,199(10):1463-1469
Protein (western) blot analysis and virus-neutralization assay were used to evaluate the antibody response of specific-pathogen-free kittens to FeLV vaccination and followed by natural exposure. Several kittens had barely detectable reactions to specific FeLV antigens prior to vaccination or exposure. Correlation was not found between protection against persistent viremia and antibody response after vaccination as measured by western blot analysis or virus neutralization assay. A statistically significant (P less than 0.01) difference in the antibody response against p27 antigen after natural exposure to FeLV was observed between persistently viremic kittens and transiently viremic or aviremic kittens. Measurable (P less than 0.05) virus neutralizing antibody titer after FeLV exposure was found only in a small number of kittens that were protected against persistent viremia. Lack of association between humoral response and vaccination-induced protection against persistent FeLV infection suggests an important role for cell-mediated immunity in such protection. 相似文献
106.
火烧迹地落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散蔓延规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1987年大兴安岭发生特大森林火灾,为落叶松八齿小蠹猖獗发生提供了优良的环境条件.经过1988、1989两年的研究,发现落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散已从重度火烧林转向中、轻度火烧林,每年扩散危害的距离在10m左右;提出扩散蔓延的数学模型为Y=0.67+1.66X,落叶松八齿小蠹扩散蔓延程度与虫源基地中其种群密度和被扩散林分的生理状况有关.其相关数学模型为Y=2.70X+0.25X_2-1.76,落叶松八齿小蠹种群在火烧迹地上扩散属于聚集型扩散. 相似文献
107.
尹楚彬 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2001,(4)
齐己是唐末五代一位著名的湖湘诗僧 ,历来有关齐己的研究往往忽视了他作为一名沩仰宗禅僧的特定身份。本文即是对齐己与沩仰宗关系的专门研究 ,文章试图系统全面地揭示齐己与沩仰宗的深刻渊源 ,以及沩仰宗禅法对其思想、创作与诗歌理论的全方位影响 相似文献
108.
我国义务教育经费的投入与经济发展水平存在严重的失衡,尤其是城乡之间差距显著。改善农村义务教育的弱势地位,减轻农民教育负担的关键在于建立规范的农村义务教育财政转移支付制度。 相似文献
109.
水杨酸对小麦镉毒害的缓解效应 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
研究了外源水杨酸(SA)对小麦镉(Cd)毒害的缓解效应.结果表明,低浓度(0.5 mmol/L 以下)SA能够促进扬麦158种子萌发及幼苗生长,高浓度则有抑制作用.0.5 mmol/L SA浸种能够明显缓解0.1 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L Cd对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制,能提高根中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)酶活性,但不能减轻1.0 mmol/L Cd对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制. 相似文献
110.
目前,组培苗移植设备中针对组培苗抓取主要采用尺寸定位方式夹持,夹持手结构复杂,占用空间大,且对幼嫩的组培苗会有一定的损伤,影响后期成活率。为克服以上问题,该研究设计了一基于负压吸附的力定位单株条状组培苗拾取手,并对负压拾取手吸嘴内腔体,吸嘴材料及吸嘴口尺寸进行了设计。该论文对吸嘴内腔体形式采用CFD(computational fluid dynamic)软件进行了仿真分析,并通过拾取对比试验验证,确定吸嘴内腔体采用变形腔体结构为宜;对吸嘴材料及吸嘴口尺寸进行正交试验、单因素试验及交互作用试验,试验结果表明在组培苗吸嘴采用厚度为0.5 mm,内径为6 mm硅胶管,吸嘴口处长圆形半径为0.7 mm,吸嘴口唇高为1.5 mm的组合下,拾取手吸嘴对苗径在1.2~2.0 mm范围内的单株条状组培苗拾取效果稳定。在较优组合条件下,整体性能试验证明组培苗负压拾取手拾取系统吸附成功率可达到98%,能够满足下一步的移植插入作业要求。 相似文献