PMSG提高初产母猪繁殖力的研究

７０头初产断奶母猪随机分为两组，试验组于断奶当日颈部肌肉注射１０００Ⅰ．Ｕ．ＰＭＳＧ；对照组只注射等容量生理盐水（注射用水），以观察初产母猪断奶后发情配种和２胎产仔的情况。结果表明：试验组母猪断奶发情配种的时间比对照组显著提前（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２胎产仔数增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而两组母猪发情配种的受胎率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

无公害饲料预混剂及中草药在乳牛生产上的应用试验效果

40头产乳牛,10头一组,随机分为无公害预混剂＋中草药组（1组）、无公害预混剂组（2组）、中草药组（3组）和对照组。试验30天,结果表明：①无公害预混剂具有明显促进产乳增长作用,试验末期比初期（1、2组平均）产乳增长13．54％、料乳比下降11．93％、饲料成本下降10．69％,而无预混剂组（3组和对照组平均）依次为-22．39％、-28,87％、-30．3％（p〈0．01）;②中草药具有改善牛乳品质作用,中草药组（3组）牛乳总固体12．7％、乳蛋白3．0％、乳脂肪3．5％,分别比未加中草药组（对照组）高1．1（p〈0．01）、0．3（p〈0．05）和0．2（p〉0．05）个百分点;每千克牛乳中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量,加中草药的1组分别比未加中草药组的2组高0．0152mg（p〈0．05）、0．243mg（p〉0．05）、-0．014mg（p〉0．05）和1．15lmg（p〈0．05）;加中草药组的3组分别比对照组高0．0179mg（p〈0．05）、0．72mg（p〉0．05）、0．0492mg（p〈0．05）和0．287mg（p〉0．05）．     

表证动物模型研究概况

中兽医对表证动物模型的研究相对起步较晚，自1992年沈映君等为研究解表方药报道建立“类表寒证”、“类表热证”动物模型以来，风寒表证、风热表证、卫气（阳）虚证等相关动物模型的研究陆续见诸报道。笔者将近10余年来表证动物模型的研究概况综述如下。     

有机硒对种公牛精子活力、免疫力和血液生化指标的影响

试验选用5头成年种公牛作试验牛,采用分期试验,试验前期饲喂基础日粮,试验中期和后期添加一定量的有机硒,试验期采集种公牛的精液进行精子活力的检测,并分别采取血样进行血常规检测和免疫球蛋白G（IgG）的测定.试验结果表明：在种公牛日粮中添加一定量的有机硒能显著提高种公牛的精子活力和免疫力（P〈0.05）,但对血常规主要指标无显著的影响。     

玉米副产物的饲用价值

本文主要介绍了玉米加工的副产物的种类、数量及常见几种主要玉米副产物的营养价值,并进一步阐述了其饲用畜禽的饲用价值。     

Effects of breed, diet and sex on the alkaline phosphatase activity in walls of the bovine rumen and abomasum

Alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity in tissue samples, with adherent bacteria, was measured from two sites in the rumen and from two sites in the abomasum of 57 yearling Angus and Hereford bulls and heifers fed a high or a low energy diet. In the rumen, APase activity was higher at the caudoventral blind sac than at the dorsal sac in animals of both breeds fed the high energy diet and in Angus bulls fed the low energy diet, but the reverse was observed in Hereford bulls fed the low-energy diet (P less than .01). In the abomasum, APase levels were higher for bulls than heifers (P less than .01) and higher at the fundic than at the pyloric region (P less than .01). Morphological studies also showed that rumen samples from animals fed a high energy diet exhibited a more widely distributed APase activity and an increase in the digestive recycling of epithelial cells that produced some "pitting" of the tissue. The higher APase activity of the epithelial tissue of animals fed the high energy diet may be explained by the greater rate of cell death and renewal indicated by the higher mitotic index reported by other researchers who have studied the cell cycle of the rumen epithelium in ruminants fed high and low energy diets.     

BRCA1基因多态性及其与奶牛乳房炎抗性的相关性研究

为了研究BRCA1基因突变与荷斯坦奶牛体细胞数和体细胞评分的关系,试验通过对BRCA1基因外显子13、14进行克隆、序列比对和挖掘已有突变的方法确定该基因的多态位点,采用SNaPshot技术检测了BRCA1基因25025 T>A和46126 G>T突变位点在北京郊区荷斯坦奶牛群体中的分布,并对突变位点与体细胞数和体细胞评分进行了关联分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶牛BRCA1基因2个位点均检测到3种基因型,其中25025 bp位点TT基因型为优势基因型,46126 bp位点GT基因型为优势基因型。25025 bp位点AA基因型个体体细胞数(P<0.05)和体细胞评分(P<0.01)都显著低于TT和TA基因型;46126 bp位点TT基因型个体体细胞数显著低于GG和GT基因型个体(P<0.05),但3种基因型个体体细胞评分无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果初步表明,BRCA1基因25025和46126 bp位点可作为中国荷斯坦牛乳房炎抗性的标记辅助选择。     

Construction and application of a bovine immune-endocrine cDNA microarray

A variety of commercial DNA arrays specific for humans and rodents are widely available; however, microarrays containing well-characterized genes to study pathway-specific gene expression are not as accessible for domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Therefore, a small-scale application-targeted bovine immune-endocrine cDNA array was developed to evaluate genetic pathways involved in the immune-endocrine axis of cattle during periods of altered homeostasis provoked by physiological or environmental stressors, such as infection, vaccination or disease. For this purpose, 167 cDNA sequences corresponding to immune, endocrine and inflammatory response genes were collected and categorized. Positive controls included 5 housekeeping genes (glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, ribosomal protein L19, beta-actin, beta2-microglobulin) and bovine genomic DNA. Negative controls were a bacterial gene (Rhodococcus equi 17-kDa virulence-associated protein) and a partial sequence of the plasmid pACYC177. In addition, RNA extracted from un-stimulated, as well as superantigen (Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-A, S. aureus Cowan Pansorbin Cells) and mitogen-stimulated (LPS, ConA) bovine blood leukocytes was mixed, reverse transcribed and PCR amplified using gene-specific primers. The endocrine-associated genes were amplified from cDNA derived from un-stimulated bovine hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal and thyroid gland tissues. The array was constructed in 4 repeating grids of 180 duplicated spots by coupling the PCR amplified 213-630 bp gene fragments onto poly-l-lysine coated glass slides. The bovine immune-endocrine arrays were standardized and preliminary gene expression profiles generated using Cy3 and Cy5 labelled cDNA from un-stimulated and ConA (5 microg/ml) stimulated PBMC of 4 healthy Holstein cows (2-4 replicate arrays/cow) in a time course study. Mononuclear cell-derived cytokine and chemokine (IL-2, IL-1alpha, TNFalpha, IFN-gamma, TGFbeta-1, MCP-1, MCP-2 and MIP-3alpha) mRNA exhibited a repeatable and consistently low expression in un-stimulated cells and at least a two-fold increased expression following 6 and 24 h ConA stimulation as compared to 0 h un-stimulated controls. In contrast, expression of antigen presenting molecules, MHC-DR, MHC-DQ and MHC-DY, were consistently at least two-fold lower following 6 and 24 h ConA stimulation. The only endocrine gene with differential expression following ConA stimulation was prolactin. Additionally, due to the high level of genetic homology between ovine, swine and bovine genes, RNA similarly acquired from sheep and pigs was evaluated and similar gene expression patterns were noted. These data demonstrate that this application-targeted array containing a set of well characterized genes can be used to determine the relative gene expression corresponding to immune-endocrine responses of cattle and related species, sheep and pigs.     

奶牛乳房炎发生的原因及诊断防治综述

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,它不仅严重影响患病牛的产乳量、乳的品质,延长产后发情时间和妊娠时问,而且危及人的健康。据国际奶牛联合会统计,20世纪70年代,奶牛临床型乳房炎患病率约20%,隐性乳房炎则高达50％;在美国饲养的1100万头奶牛中,半数患有各种类型乳房炎,日本全国平均乳房炎患病率为45．1％,法国奶牛整个第一泌乳期临床型乳房炎发生率为26．3％,在芬兰、挪威、瑞典,乳房健康问题分别造成35％、19%和22%的奶牛淘汰。     

NDV基因型与其毒力、现有疫苗免疫保护之间的关系

新城疫(Newcastle Disease,ND)是由新城疫病毒(NDV)引起的侵害禽类的急性接触性传染病,该病自1926年首次在英格兰新城(Newcastle)和印尼