别里库姆沙漠胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘形态特征间的关系

为了探究影响胡杨(Populus euphratica)回涡沙丘发育的主导树木因子和影响胡杨生长的沙丘因子,以别里库姆沙漠为研究区,采用无人机航拍与影像解译法获取胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态参数,并结合相关统计分析法从定量角度对胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态特征间的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)胡杨回涡沙丘以胡杨为中心,整体形状类似"n"形。胡杨形态参数的大小与胡杨回涡沙丘形态参数的大小基本保持一致。(2)胡杨的形态特征与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态特征具有显著的相关关系,胡杨的生长和胡杨回涡沙丘的发育之间存在协同变化趋势。(3)胡杨株高和冠幅是影响胡杨回涡沙丘的主导树木因子,影响胡杨的主导沙丘因子分别是沙丘表面积、体积、周长、丘体长度。     

重金属铜铅对2种凤尾鸡冠花品种种子萌发的影响

以‘和服’、‘红塔山’2个品种凤尾鸡冠花(Celosia plumose‘Kimono’;Celosia plumose‘Hongta’)种子为研究对象,经2种重金属(Cu2+、Pb2+)不同质量浓度梯度(50、200、350、500 mg/L)的处理,测定各处理种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长度,计算种子耐金属胁迫的适宜重金属质量浓度、半致死重金属质量浓度、极限重金属质量浓度;分析2种重金属胁迫对2种凤尾鸡冠花种子萌发的影响、凤尾鸡冠花适应重金属质量浓度范围。结果表明:(1)随着处理液Cu2+质量浓度的升高,凤尾鸡冠花的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数逐渐呈降低趋势。处理液质量浓度为50 mg/L时,Pb2+的胁迫对凤尾鸡冠花种子的各项萌发指标有所升高,表现为低促高抑;Cu2+胁迫对凤尾鸡冠花种子的毒害作用较Pb2+更强。(2)在处理液质量浓度为500 mg/L时,经Cu2+、Pb2+胁迫的凤尾鸡冠花种子仍分别有60%、70%以上的发芽率,说明凤尾鸡冠花种子对2种重金属具有一定耐受性,‘红塔山’种子的耐受性略高于‘和服’种子的耐受性。(3)重金属Cu2+对种子胚根的抑制作用十分显著。处理液质量浓度为50 mg/L时,Cu2+胁迫使凤尾鸡冠花根尖受害显著。低质量浓度Pb2+胁迫时凤尾鸡冠花胚根子叶发育正常;处理液质量浓度为200 mg/L至更高,Pb2+胁迫时胚根的生长显著受到抑制,出现胚根停止生长、变黑、腐烂的现象。Cu2+对2种凤尾鸡冠花种子萌发的抑制较强,Pb2+在低质量浓度时表现出促进发芽的作用。     

东北碳酸盐类水养殖南美白对虾试验

为探讨东北松嫩平原碳酸盐类水养殖南美白对虾的可能性,野外条件下利用养鱼的天然泡沼水进行了试养.结果表明,淡化幼虾在盐度0.036%～0.099%的天然碳酸盐类淡水环境可生存48h,在盐度0.1%～0.35%的碳酸盐类半咸水环境的生存时间不超过24h.淡化幼虾在天然碳酸盐类水环境生存的障碍因子,可能是K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋（尤其是K^＋）的浓度较低;Na^＋/K^＋值、Ca^2＋/Mg^2＋值偏高或偏低;CO3^2-、HCO3^-浓度及碱度、pH、离子系数较高.认为通过适应性驯化,提高幼虾对综合水环境因子的适应能力,是内陆碳酸盐类水养殖南美白对虾的根本途径.     

Status of Biological Studies and Aquaculture Development of the Mud Crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis>, in China: An Experimental Ecological Studies

This is an initial paper in a series of overviews of biological research and aquaculture development of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, in China. Results of experimental ecological studies on mud crabs are reported here. As a result of these experimental studies, results that are important for mud crab culture were also discovered and these include, methods to condition and manage broodstock, determination of ecological conditions that are suitable for embryonic development, and the influence of temperature, salinity, diet and larval density on development and survival of larvae. Results of this work will be useful in establishing a good method for artificial mass culture of larvae.     

Effect of ethanolic extract of propolis on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Graded levels of EEP [0 (control), 1, 2, and 4 g kg⁻¹ diet] were fed to trout juveniles (mean weight 7.73 ± 0.17 g) for 10 weeks. Dietary EEP supplementation regardless of inclusion level significantly improved the specific growth rate of fish. Similarly, supplemental EEP generally improved the feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio, but no significant differences were observed between the 1 g kg⁻¹ EEP group and the control group. In addition, dietary EEP supplementation generally increased the plasma superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities, but decreased the plasma malondialdehyde level. The plasma triglycerides level was significantly lower in the 1 or 4 g kg⁻¹ EEP group as compared with the control group. Dietary EEP supplementation generally decreased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, but increased the hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. These results indicate the potential to use the EEP as a growth promoter, hepatoprotective agent, and immunostimulant for rainbow trout.     

试谈林业行政处罚中应用业务知识的重要性

指出了林业行政执法复杂且专业性要求强,林业业务知识对林业行政执法特别是林业行政处罚极为重要,通过专门人员或专业机构出具的林业勘验、检查或鉴定报告对案件性质或行政处罚裁量权起到了关键作用。结合实践探讨了林业行政执法人员掌握并依法运用林业业务知识,对林业行政执法水平、执法能力和执法效率、效果以及社会的影响。     

Cohort analysis on a freshwater fish Osteochilus hasselti C. & V. (Cyprinidae) at Bukit Merah Reservoir,Malaysia

An earlier cohort analysis using catch-at-length data (for the period May 1979–April 1980) on the stock of Osteochilus hasselti C. & V. computes statistics on: (1) the total stock at the start of the cohort (N = 22.7 × 10⁵) (these stock numbers decrease progressively at successive lengths, in a steady state and assuming constant natural mortality rate, M = 2.1); (2) catch numbers in a cohort totalling 780 940 individuals; (3) the exploitation rate of the cohort of E = 0.34, suggesting moderate exploitation of the species at Bukit Merah Reservoir, Malaysia.However, the validity of cohort analysis on a species exploited at a very early age depends on the input value of the variables natural mortality rate (M), fishing mortality rate of terminal largest fish (F_ter), and growth parameters (L_∞, K). Because of the methodological difficulties in estimation and verification of M, F_ter and K values of O. hasselti, a range of values of input variables is adopted for comparison. The effect of the variability of M values (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5) on the computation results of smaller size-class fishes N_L is significantly different from that based on M = 2.1, showing a much lower population size.The variability of input values of F_ter (range 0.5–2.5) and K (0.28–2.62) is tested on their effects on the population size of recruits. The combined effect of M and K in the relationship of $\text{M}\text{K}$ ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 is varied to decide the possible values of K. In general, the different input values of M, F_ter and K result in lower estimates of the population size of recruits, N_r This is about 28% lower than N_r = 22.7 × 10⁵ when M = F_ter = 2.1 and K = 1.15. With an inherent computational bias, the population size of N_r = 22.7 × 10⁵ is probably an under-estimate, but it is both reasonable and biologically possible for O. hasselti at Bukit Merah Reservoir, Malaysia, since the input variables are generated from representative length composition data of commercial catches and tagging data.     

基于两级选择性聚类集成的农用地整治时空配置分区

针对传统聚类算法易陷入局部最优、不兼顾地理空间的问题,该研究以湖南省怀化市为例,从生态敏感性、用地适宜性与整治迫切性3个维度建立分区评价指标体系,应用一种基于混合距离,同时具有聚类方案质量识别功能的两级选择性聚类集成方法对怀化市农用地整治进行时空配置。通过聚类运算,将怀化市300个聚类单元划分为：近期重点整治区、近期适度整治区、中期重点整治区、中期适度整治区和远期限制整治区5个类型,面积比例分别为9.05%、30.48%、22.58%、7.33%、30.56%,符合怀化现状条件;相较于传统聚类方法,两级选择性聚类集成方法具有聚类质量识别与兼顾地理空间的优势,且更适用聚类单元较多、属性空间复杂的情况。研究结果在客观上为未来土地整治工作与聚类方法的创新提供了可供借鉴的思路。     

三峡库区典型流域水质时空特征及污染防控策略

为了解三峡库区典型小流域不同土地利用类型下水质的变化特征,于2015-2020年对三峡库区长坪小流域开展水质监测,对不同土地利用类型下水体中的总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）、氨氮（NH4+-N）、总磷（Total Phosphorus,TP）、可溶态总磷（Dissolved Total Phosphorus,DTP）和颗粒态总磷（Particulate Phosphorus,PP）浓度的时空变化规律进行研究,识别流域内主要氮磷污染源,从而提出针对性的污染防控策略。结果表明：1）不同土地利用类型氮磷输出浓度从大到小依次为村庄、坡耕地、林地和水库,其TN平均浓度分别为8.29、2.88、1.57和1.43 mg/L,TP平均浓度分别为0.25、0.13、0.09和0.07 mg/L。2）不同土地利用类型的水质在汛期和非汛期存在差异,村庄氮磷输出浓度为非汛期高于汛期,坡耕地、林地和水库则表现为汛期高于非汛期。3）内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明林地和水库的污染程度均为清洁水平,坡耕地污染程度为轻污染水平,村庄受散养生猪数量的影响,污染程度从污染水平转变为重污染水平。4）长坪小流域TN和TP年输出负荷总量分别为4 278.59和364.93 kg/a。畜禽养殖源是小流域氮磷最主要的污染源,其TN和TP的输出负荷分别占流域总负荷的45.69%和71.77%。坡耕地的TN和TP单位面积污染负荷分别是村庄的7.58%和1.79%,与村庄相比,坡耕地具有显著的低污染特征,因此,以坡耕地消纳村庄污水和畜禽粪便,可促进流域内粪污的就地消纳,达到多源共治的效果。基于小流域不同土地利用类型的水质特征和生态系统服务功能,将流域划分为林草水源涵养区、村庄污染控制区和坡耕地水土保持区,并进行分区协同防控,促进流域农业面源污染系统高效治理。