不周土壤水分条件下萝卜幼苗叶片生理特性研究

在不同的土壤含水量条件下,测定了萝卜幼苗叶片的水分状况、叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率及呼吸强度等指标.结果表明:随着土壤含水量的降低,萝卜幼苗叶片的相对含水量和水势下降,而且离体叶片的保水力在自然气干时下降较快;叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和呼吸强度也随着土壤含水量的降低都减小.土壤含水量在20%～25%时,萝卜幼苗对土壤干旱的适应性最强.     

蔬菜高效施药装置药量专家系统测试

为了满足蔬菜高效施药的精确性和便捷性,借助信息技术手段将专家知识库存贮在单片机芯片中,通过快捷的选择调用达到蔬菜高效施药的目的。本文介绍了高效施药装置专家系统的工作原理,并通过试验验证了其理论施药量和实际控制值具有较好的一致性。     

饲料中的霉菌毒素及其防制措施

霉菌毒素是由真菌或霉菌产生的次级代谢产物,在动物体中,霉菌毒素的毒性是慢性的,很少引起动物死亡。但是霉菌毒素的存在降低了饲料的营养价值,以及动物的生产性能,从而影响生产力,且霉菌毒素在畜产品(肉、奶等)中的残留会给人类健康带来严重威胁。作者主要介绍了饲料中常见的霉菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、伏马菌素等),以及其毒性和危害,并从预防与去毒两个方面,阐述了霉菌毒素的防制措施,进而减少霉菌毒素造成的危害。     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.     

生物活性肽的制备、功能及在动物生产中的应用研究进展

本文从生物活性肽的来源、制备、功能及在动物生产中的应用研究等方面对生物活性肽进行综述。     

椰浆添加量对发酵椰子酸乳品质的影响

椰浆中含有大量的脂肪,高脂肪含量椰浆的添加对发酵后产品的质构、风味和稳定性产生较大影响。以发酵速率、质构特性、流变学特性和产品货架期稳定性为分析指标,研究不同椰浆添加量（20%～60%）对椰子酸乳品质的影响。结果表明：添加40%以上的椰浆进行发酵,发酵速率较快;离心实验和Lumisizer稳定性分析表明,添加40%以上椰浆的椰子酸乳稳定性好,无明显析水和沉淀,稳定性较高;椰子酸乳质构和口感方面,椰浆添加量为40%～50%时,产品软硬度适中,糊口感较弱,顺滑感强,搅拌后产品变稀,便于饮用。因此,椰浆添加量40%～50%（含脂肪12%～15%）的椰子酸乳品质较佳。     

冀北山地华北落叶松林生态系统水化学特征

降水是森林生态系统的一个主要的养分输入源,观测并分析降水化学对于准确地估算森林生态系统养分循环的养分元素浓度显得极为重要。对冀北山地华北落叶松林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行了测定。结果表明：（1）大气降水经过林冠层后其水化学特征明显发生了变化,化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,含量排序为Ca〉K〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn,其中Mn元素的增长倍数最多,但6月份Mn和Zn元素浓度都出现负增长。树干茎流各项指标均增长很多,化学元素含量排序为Ca〉K〉Mg〉Mn〉Fe〉Zn。枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。（2）大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,为0.158,0.163。落叶松林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中最大变异系数分别为Fe元素3.115,Mg元素为1.288,Fe元素为2.139。（3）经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干茎流和枯透水中K、Ca增加较多,Fe、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

添加中草药对饲料蛋白质消化率的影响

试验采用体外消化法研究添加不同剂量的两种中草药对饲料蛋白质消化率的影响.选用陈皮、山楂两种中草药,然后在体外环境下模拟猪胃肠道消化环境进行测定.结果表明:(1)添加中草药陈皮A组(0.5%)和C组(1%)的消化残渣蛋白质质量和粗蛋白质消化率与对照组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01),而B组(0.75%)与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).(2)添加中草药山楂D组(0.5%)、E组(0.75%)、F组(1%)三个组的消化残渣蛋白质质量和粗蛋白质消化率与对照组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).(3)山楂的效果明显好于陈皮,且山楂添加量为0.75%时最好.     

Inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth by root-infecting fungi in soil of a rice paddy field

 Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could occur in soils of rice paddy fields. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance.     

鸡蛋沙门菌控制及其公共卫生意义

沙门菌引起的食品安全性问题是长期困扰养禽业发展的一个重要原因。今年美国有史以来最大规模的鸡蛋召回事件让鸡蛋的沙门菌感染再次成为食品安全关注的焦点。沙门菌可以通过垂直传播和水平传播两种途径感染鸡蛋。虽然鸡蛋存在一些物理和化学屏障以抵抗沙门菌的入侵,但这种抗菌能力是有限的。为了更好地控制沙门菌暴发,需要建立有效的监控措施。此外,本文结合已有的研究报道从环境控制、蛋鸡的饲养管理以及鸡蛋的加工、储存和消费等方面详述了如何降低鸡蛋感染沙门菌的可能性以及由此给人类带来的危害。