水资源约束条件下对民勤县畜牧业发展的思考

目前,民勤县畜牧业正处于向现代畜牧业转型的关键时期,转变生产方式、提高畜牧业发展水平已成为当前迫切解决的重要课题之一。文章剖析了民勤县畜牧业的现状及发展现代畜牧业面临的机遇和挑战,对加快民勤现代畜牧业建设提出了相关建议,养殖户必须采取调整畜牧业结构,改变饲喂方式,改良畜禽品种和提高养殖效率等措施,才能使当地畜牧业得到进一步发展。     

家蚕蛹壳聚糖复合海绵止血材料的制备及止血性能测试

以从家蚕蛹壳中提取的壳聚糖为主要原料,与明胶共混溶解后加入助剂,通过冷冻真空干燥法制备海绵状复合止血材料。采用L16(45)正交试验,探讨复合止血材料中蚕蛹壳聚糖、明胶以及戊二醛、氯化钙和甘油等助剂的含量对体外凝血指数(BCI)的影响。各因素对BCI的影响大小顺序是:蚕蛹壳聚糖>氯化钙>戊二醛>明胶>甘油。优化复合止血材料中各组分的质量分数为:蚕蛹壳聚糖2.5%,明胶3.0%,戊二醛0.005%,氯化钙0.1%,甘油0.05%。对该复合止血材料进行体外凝血测试,并制作家兔耳动脉出血模型进行活体止血效果的试验,结果均表明其具有良好的止血效果,体外凝血指数较医用纱布和明胶海绵极显著下降,对缩短家兔耳动脉止血时间和降低出血量均极显著优于医用纱布和明胶海绵。     

不同生理时期梅花鹿血液GSH-Px含量测定及其纯化

研究不同生理时期梅花鹿全血中GSH-Px含量变化及其纯化技术,为开发鹿血抗衰老资源奠定理论基础.用DINB法测定梅花鹿的溶血液、血细胞内容物、血浆和血细胞细胞膜中GSH-Px含量并计算全血GSH-Px含量;利用10％～100％饱和度的(NH4)2SO4盐析和柱层析技术纯化GSH-Px;用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定其亚基相对分子质量.试验结果表明:全血GSH-Px含量以生茸期最高为(1 973.07士25.43)U·mL-1,与配种期的(1 727.74士12.46)U·mL-1差异极显著(P＜0.01),与生茸前期的(1 961.83士16.54)U·mL-1差异不显著(P＞0.05);GSH-Px的初始比活力为24.9 U·mg-1,经纯化后得到GSH-Px 0.37 mg· mL-1,最终比活力1 347.7U·mg-1,纯化倍数为54.1倍,回收率25.00％;鹿血GSH-Px亚基的相对分子质量为17.2 ku.结果提示生茸期鹿血的GSH-Px含量最高,开发利用价值最大,GSH-Px含量与生理特性相关;鹿血GSH-Px盐析条件为40％～80％饱和度的(NH4)2SO4,此时所得GSH-Px纯化倍数较高.     

Total intravenous anesthesia with ketamine–medetomidine–propofol in horses

Propofol is a potentially useful intravenous anesthetic agent for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in horses. The purpose of this study was to compare the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of TIVA following the administration of propofol alone(P–TIVA) and ketamine–medetomidine–propofol (KM–P–TIVA) in adult horses. The carotid artery was translocated to a subcutaneous position during TIVA with P–TIVA (n = 6) or KM–P–TIVA (n = 6). All horses were premedicated with medetomidine [0.005 mg kg^–1, intravenously (IV)]. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.04 mg kg^–1 IV) and ketamine (2.5 mg kg IV). All horses were orotracheally intubated and breathed 100% oxygen. The KM drug combination (ketamine 40 mg mL^–1 and medetomidine 0.05 mg mL^–1) was infused at a rate of 0.025 mL kg^–1 hour^–1. Subsequently, a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg kg^–1, bolus IV) was administered to all horses; surgical anesthesia (determined by horse response to incision and surgical manipulation, positive response being purposeful or spontaneous movement of limbs or head) was maintained by varying the propofol infusion rate as needed. Arterial blood pressure and HR were also monitored. Both methods of producing TIVA provided excellent general anesthesia for the surgical procedure. Anesthesia time was 115 ± 17 (mean ± SD) and 112 ± 11 minutes in horses anesthetized with KM–P–TIVA and P–TIVA, respectively. The infusion rate of propofol required to maintain surgical anesthesia with KM–P–TIVA was significantly less than for P–TIVA (mean infusion rate of propofol during anesthesia; KM–P–TIVA 0.15 0.02 P–TIVA 0.23 ± 0.03 mg kg^–1 minute^–1, p = 0.004). Apnea occurred in all horses lasting 1–2 minutes and intermittent positive pressure ventilation was started. Cardiovascular function was maintained during both methods of producing TIVA. There were no differences in the time to standing after the cessation of anesthesia (KM–P–TIVA 62 ± 10 minutes versus P–TIVA 87 ± 36 minutes, p = 0.150). The quality of recovery was good in KM–P–TIVA and satisfactory in P–TIVA. KM–P–TIVA and P–TIVA produced clinically useful general anesthesia with minimum cardiovascular depression. Positive pressure ventilation was required to treat respiratory depression. Respiratory depression and apnea must be considered prior to the use of propofol in the horse.     

奶牛宫颈粘液CMPx,CMEC与发情及排卵的关系

选取３０头健康黑白花奶牛，在发情期不同时间测定宫颈粘液过氧化物酶（ＣＭＰｘ）的活性及电导率（ＣＭＥＣ），以探讨ＣＭＰｘ、ＣＭＥＣ与发情及排卵的关系。结果表明，ＣＭＰｘ在卵泡成熟期明显下降，与卵泡初期及排卵初期的酶活性差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而ＣＭＥＣ在卵泡初期、卵泡成熟期及排卵初期变化不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本研究提示，ＣＭＰｘ在奶牛发情期有特定的变化规律，可以作为预告排卵的指标     

鸡胚胎期及生长发育早期对孵化绿光强度的反应

试验旨在探究孵化期单色绿光不同光照强度对鸡孵化和早期生长发育的影响。选用810个大小均匀的新浦东鸡种蛋,随机分为3组（n=270）,孵化期1~18.5 d分别在黑暗、低照度（20~50 lux）和高照度（200~300 lux）的LED单色绿光（λ=525 nm）条件下孵化,每天光照24 h,各组种蛋于第18.5天转至同一台无光出雏器中,各组温度和湿度等其他孵化条件始终保持一致。检测各组受精蛋孵化率、死胚率、初生重、10周龄体重、初生雏鸡及3周龄公鸡的血清激素浓度（甲状腺素、降钙素、生长激素、褪黑激素和骨钙素等）和血液生理生化指标（碱性磷酸酶、胰岛素样生长因子和钙等含量）。结果表明：各组种蛋的死胚数和死胚率差异较小;孵化的20.5 d低照度组和高照度组的受精蛋孵化率分别为黑暗组的2.3倍和5.2倍;孵化的21.5 d黑暗组的受精蛋孵化率为82.8%,低照度组和高照度组的孵化率分别比黑暗组高6.5%和1.9%;黑暗组的健雏率为98.6%,低照度组的健雏率比黑暗组低0.4%,而高照度组与黑暗组的健雏率接近;高照度组公雏初生重显著低于黑暗组（P<0.05）,而低照度组与黑暗组无显著差异（P>0.05）。母雏初生重趋势与公雏基本一致,高照度组母雏初生重显著低于其他两组（P<0.05）,其他两组之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;在10周龄,各组公鸡和母鸡体重无显著差异（P<0.05）;各组1日龄公雏血液生理生化和激素指标无显著差异（P>0.05）,3周龄公鸡高照度组和低照度组褪黑激素含量显著高于黑暗组（P<0.05）,其他指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,在种蛋的孵化过程中,与黑暗条件下相比,给予适宜强度的单色绿光能够促进鸡胚发育,在不影响雏鸡健康的前提下使出雏时间提前,孵化期光照对后期生长发育影响较小。     

西南“旱三熟”区不同作物和秸秆覆盖对土壤团聚体及固碳潜力的影响

为了探讨西南"旱三熟"(小麦/玉米/大豆)套作种植模式下农田土壤团聚体的分布特征及有机碳含量变化情况,进而估算该模式下的土壤固碳潜力,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(traditional tillage,T)和传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(traditional tillage+straw mulching,TS)2种处理下的土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定。结果表明,3种作物种植下的2mm粒径与2~0.25mm粒径团聚体含量此消彼长,存在显著的负相关关系(r=-0.985,P0.05)。土壤团聚体结构对不同作物的响应不同,水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm粒径)含量在小麦和大豆种植后高达90%左右,玉米种植后约为80%,说明种植玉米有利于土壤水稳性微团聚体的形成。2~0.25mm粒径团聚体的有机碳含量最高,而水稳性微团聚体的两个粒径团聚体有机碳含量相差不大,有机碳含量在团聚体中的分布规律不受种植作物和耕作方式的影响。秸秆覆盖显著提高了0~5cm和5~10cm土层的本土及各个粒径中的有机碳含量,且5~10cm土层团聚体有机碳受秸秆覆盖的影响较大。通过估算固碳潜力发现,玉米条带的土壤固碳潜力显著大于小麦-大豆条带,在耕作处理保持一致的情况下,土壤团聚体有机碳含量对农作物的响应不同。因此,在西南"旱三熟"地区,农田土壤团聚体分布特征和不同粒径有机碳含量受到耕作措施和种植作物的双重影响,土壤固碳潜力主要由水稳性大团聚体的固碳能力决定,水稳性大团聚体更易受到耕作措施和种植作物的影响,在实践中通过秸秆还田提高土壤固碳外,合理安排农作物也有助于提高土壤的固碳能力。     

阳光玫瑰与浪漫红颜葡萄特性比较

近几年,阳光玫瑰葡萄种植效益明显突出于其它品种,发展势头迅猛,但由于品种特性,需要精品栽培,管理不好容易造成品质不佳,售价不高,去年,浪漫红颜葡萄又走进种植户视野,很多农户就种植阳光玫瑰还是浪漫红颜犹豫不决,本文就浪漫红颜葡萄与阳光玫瑰葡萄的相同、相似特性,浪漫红颜葡萄优于阳光玫瑰葡萄的特性,阳光玫瑰葡萄优于浪漫红颜葡萄的特性3方面进行了详细比较,并针对性提出建议,对指导农户品种选择有着较好的影响。     

Astaxanthin Normalizes Epigenetic Modifications of Bovine Somatic Cell Cloned Embryos and Decreases the Generation of Lipid Peroxidation

Astaxanthin is an extremely common antioxidant scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking lipid peroxidation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation on oocyte maturation, and development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were cultured in maturation medium with astaxanthin (0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/l), respectively. We found that 0.5 mg/l astaxanthin supplementation significantly increased the proportion of oocyte maturation. Oocytes cultured in 0.5 mg/l astaxanthin supplementation were used to construct SCNT embryos and further cultured with 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/l astaxanthin. The results showed that the supplementation of 0.5 mg/l astaxanthin significantly improved the proportions of cleavage and blastulation, as well as the total cell number in blastocysts compared with the control group, yet this influence was not concentration dependent. Chromosomal analyses revealed that more blastomeres showed a normal chromosomal complement in 0.5 mg/l astaxanthin treatment group, which was similar to that in IVF embryos. The methylation levels located on the exon 1 of the imprinted gene H19 and IGF2, pluripotent gene OCT4 were normalized, and global DNA methylation, H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation were also improved significantly, which was comparable to that in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. Moreover, we also found that astaxanthin supplementation significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxidation. Our findings showed that the supplementation of 0.5 mg/l astaxanthin to oocyte maturation medium and embryo culture medium improved oocyte maturation, SCNT embryo development, increased chromosomal stability and normalized the epigenetic modifications, as well as inhibited overproduction of lipid peroxidation.     

动物脂滴结构及功能研究进展

脂滴是脂肪组织的基本单位,是维持脂质和能量稳态的一种动态细胞器,脂滴相关蛋白参与调控胞内脂类代谢、膜运输以及信号传导等多个生理过程.脂滴在动物各个组织器官中的功能不尽相同,可通过营养及生理手段调节畜禽外周组织中的脂滴变化,进一步影响畜禽胴体性状及肉品质.本文简述了脂滴的生物学结构、脂滴蛋白分类、脂滴重塑、脂滴生物学功能...