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131.
A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%. 相似文献
132.
133.
朝阳地区干旱特征分析及抗旱对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
朝阳地区位于辽宁省西部,历史上素有“十年九旱”之称,降水量少而集中,所以干旱是制约朝阳地区经济发展的主要自然因素。本文根据辽宁省朝阳地区1961~2000年历年月降水量的实测资料,用降水距平百分率、z指数方法分析朝阳干旱特征,证明:根据降水资料来判断朝阳地区干旱特征是比较准确的。并提出若干抗旱措施—大力推广节水灌溉技术、实施集水节灌农业、大力加强干旱灾害的监测、合理利用水资源。此外,本研究为朝阳地区干旱研究及其治理提供依据。 相似文献
134.
A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game. 相似文献
135.
保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0~ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0~ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。 相似文献
136.
137.
淮北平原涝渍兼治的组合排水工程形式 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
由于淮北平原砂姜黑土区的气候、地形、地貌、水文地质、土壤等多方面原因,致使旱、涝、渍频繁,且涝渍灾害往往是紧密相连,先涝后渍,涝渍相随.造成大面积减产.甚至绝收,旱、涝、渍灾害一直困扰着本区的农业发展。通过试验及调查,从治理涝渍效果、提高农业产量、投入产出等方面进行综合分析,提出了几种适宜于本区的组合排水形式。 相似文献
138.
目前,水资源短缺的问题已经成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈.农业是用水大户而且用水浪费相当严重,因而建设节水型农业是解决水资源问题的当务之急.为此,就实现节水型农业提出了提高渠系水利用系数、采用节水灌溉方式和适宜的灌溉模式等技术思路. 相似文献
139.
为了实现不同土壤水分管理下的CO 2气肥精细控制,建立了番茄作物不同生长阶段的光合速率预测模型。实验设置了4个CO 2浓度与3个土壤水分条件的交互处理,利用无线传感器网络长期实时监测温室内环境信息,采用LI-6400XT型光合速率仪定时采集作物净光合速率信息;并用BP神经网络分别建立了番茄苗期、花期和果期的光合速率预测模型。预测模型的验证结果表明,对于苗期预测模型,预测值与实测值之间的决定系数 R 2为0.925;花期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.920,果期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.958;番茄各生长期的光合速率预测模型均具有较高的预测精度。在不同土壤水分条件下改变CO 2浓度,得到的CO 2浓度与光合速率预测曲线与实测值相近,可反映实际土壤水分管理下的CO 2浓度最优值,对指导不同土壤水分条件下CO 2气肥的精细调控具有重要意义。 相似文献
140.