A quantitative real‐time PCR assay for detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in navy bean seeds

Bean anthracnose is a seedborne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Using seed that did not test positive for the pathogen has been proven to be an effective strategy for bean anthracnose control. To quantify the extent of anthracnose seed infection, a real‐time PCR‐based diagnostic assay was developed for detecting C. lindemuthianum in seeds of the commercial bean class navy bean. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region consisting of part of the18S rDNA, 5^.8S rDNA, internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1, 2 and part of the 28S rDNA of seven races of C. lindemuthianum, 21 isolates of Colletotrichum species and nine other bean pathogens were sequenced with the universal primer set ITS5/ITS4. Based on the aligned sequence matrix, one primer set and a probe were designed for a SYBR Green dye assay and a TaqMan MGB (minor groove binder) assay. The primer set was demonstrated to be specific for C. lindemuthianum and showed a high sensitivity for the target pathogen. The detection limit of both assays was 5 fg of C. lindemuthianum genomic DNA. To explore the correlation between the lesion area and the DNA amount of C. lindemuthianum in bean seed, seeds of the navy bean cultivar Navigator with lesions of different sizes, as well as symptomless seeds, were used in both real‐time PCR assays.     

基于Landsat图像的南京城市绿地时空动态分析

以南京市主城区为例,以10期(1986至2011年)TM/ETM+遥感数据为信息源,遵从V-I-S(Vegeta-tion-Imperviousness-Soil)模型,采用性光谱混合模型提取植被覆盖度,并利用高空间分辨率Quickbird和IKONOS影像对提取结果进行精度验证,在此基础上对研究区植被覆盖时空动态模式特征进行评价。结果表明:利用线性混合像元分解技术,对中等分辨率的TM/ETM+遥感影像进行城市绿地的丰度信息提取是有效且可靠的。从时间角度看,南京主城区植被覆盖度逐年递减,其中主要变化表现为高植被覆盖区域向低植被覆盖度区域转化;空间上,低植被覆盖区域由中心城区向四周不断扩大,而城郊结合部由于快速城市化致使植被覆盖区逐渐被非植被区取代。在南京,影响植被覆盖度变化的因素主要有快速城市化进程、变动的绿化政策与措施以及其它自然因素。     

菲律宾鳗鲡(Anguilla mormorata)鳗苗训饵及转料方法研究(英文)

[目的]研究探索适合于菲律宾鳗鲡仔鳗的训饵及转料方法。[方法]在室内纤维玻璃桶中开展训饵转料实验,选择人工饲料中的仔鳗粉状料和仔鳗粉碎料作为实验料,以天然新鲜章鱼糜作为对照料,设定5天和15天两个转料周期。[结果]15天转料周期的仔鳗成长率和存活率明显高于5天转料周期,每间隔3天以20%占比的速率把天然的新鲜章鱼靡替换成人工仔鳗料的转料方式,适合于菲律宾鳗鲡仔鳗的训饵转料。[结论]菲律宾鳗鲡仔鳗经过一定周期的训饵转料,能从天然饵料转到商业人工饲料,在营养成分和营养价值等同的人工饲料中,比起粉碎料,菲律宾鳗鲡仔鳗更适合接受粉状料。     

基于用户需求的高校图书馆信息服务营销策略研究

本研究从高校图书馆信息服务营销理论出发,采用SWOT分析方法,对高校图书馆信息服务营销进行优势,劣势,机会和威胁分析,提出高校信息服务的应对策略,注重用户需求,树立营销理念,创新营销模式和加强营销评估。     

大果丰产黑穗醋栗新品种‘丹江黑’

 丹江黑’是以‘黑丰’为母本,‘牡选94-7-12’为父本人工杂交选育的大果、丰产、优质、抗病黑穗醋栗优良品种。果实圆形,横径1.50 cm,纵径1.52 cm,平均单果质量2.30 g,最大2.90 g,果实较整齐。7 月中旬成熟,熟期一致。适宜黑龙江省东部和南部及气候相似的地区栽培。     

Predicting fire occurrence patterns with logistic regression in Heilongjiang Province, China

Prediction of forest fire ignition may aid in forest fire vigilance and monitoring, and in prioritizing forest fuel treatments. In this paper, we chose easily obtained spatial variables pertaining to topography, vegetation types, meteorological conditions, climate, and human activity to predict forest fire ignition in Heilongjiang province, China, using logistic regression. Results showed fire ignition prediction through logistic regression had good accuracy. Climatic variables (e.g., average annual mean temperature and precipitation) and meteorological conditions (e.g., daily minimum temperature, daily minimum humidity, daily mean humidity, and mean wind speed) are the main determinants of natural forest fires. In the case of anthropogenic fires, vegetation types and human activity as indicated by distances to roads and settlements combined with suitable meteorological conditions (e.g., daily mean humidity) are the main driving factors. The fire ignition probability map can be easily used to prioritize areas for vigilance, to make decisions on allocating firefighting resources, and to select vulnerable spots for forest fuel treatments. It was found that forest fuel treatments should be focused on the Great Xing’an Mountains.     

Suppression of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance by phytopolyphenols in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells

It was reported that increased plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with profound insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and may also play a critical role in the insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Skeletal muscle is the major site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is involved in energy regulation and homeostasis. In this study, we used 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, and palmitate to induce insulin resistance in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Our data show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin treatment reduce insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) Ser307 phosphorylation, and curcumin is more potent to increase Akt phosphorylation in TPA induction. Moreover, we found that after 5 h of palmitate incubation, epicatechin gallate (ECG) can suppress IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation and significantly promote Akt, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. With a longer incubation with palmitate, IRS-1 exhibited a dramatic depletion, and treatment with EGCG, ECG, and curcumin could reverse IRS-1 expression, Akt phosphorylation, and MAPK signaling cascade activation and improve glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, especially ECG and curcumin. In addition, treatment with these polyphenols can suppress acetyl-CoA carboxylase activation, but only EGCG could inhibit lipid accumulation in the intracellular site. These findings may suggest that curcumin shows the best capacity to improve FFA-induced insulin resistance than the other two, and ECG was more effective than EGCG in attenuating insulin resistance.     

Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide improves age-related oxidative stress and immune impairment in mice

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether oxidative stress and immune dysfunction could be attenuated by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging mice, and provide evidence for its effects. The results showed that PSG-1 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and spleen, but concomitantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase compared with the d-gal group. Elevation of glutathione contents and attenuation of glutathione disulfide contents were also found in PSG-1-treated animals. Furthermore, the results showed that PSG-1 treatment increased basal lymphocyte proliferation as well as T cell and B cell proliferation and enhanced interleukin-2 production. Taken together, the results suggested that PSG-1 had potential as a novel agent to promote health and improve aging-associated pathologies, at least in part, via modification of the redox system and improvement of immune function.     

Bowman-Birk and Kunitz Protease Inhibitors among Antinutrients and Bioactives Modified by Germination and Hydrolysis in Brazilian Soybean Cultivar BRS 133

Soybean contains constituents that have antinutritional and bioactive properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis and germination can enhance the biological activity of these compounds in soybean. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of germination, Alcalase (protease) hydrolysis, and their combination on the concentrations of antinutritional and bioactive compounds in Brazilian soybean cultivar BRS 133. A combination of germination and Alcalase hydrolysis resulted in the degradation of Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), and lunasin by 96.9, 97.8, and 38.4%. Lectin was not affected by any of the processing treatments when compared to nongerminated and nonhydrolyzed soy protein extract. Total isoflavones (ISF) and total saponins (SAP) increased by 16.2 and 28.7%, respectively, after 18 h of germination, while Alcalase hydrolysis led to the reduction of these compounds. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of BBI and KTI, BBI and lunasin, BBI and ISF, KTI and lunasin, KTI and ISF, KTI and SAP, lunasin and ISF, and ISF and SAP. Germination and Alcalase hydrolysis interacted in reducing BBI, ISF, and SAP. This study presents a process of preparing soy flour ingredients with lower concentrations of antinutritional factors and with biologically active constituents, important for the promotion of health associated with soybean consumption. In conclusion, 18 h of germination and 3 h of Alcalase hydrolysis is recommended for elimination of protease inhibitors, while bioactives are maintained by at least 50% of their original concentrations.     

Resveratrol upregulates nrf2 expression to attenuate methylglyoxal-induced insulin resistance in hep g2 cells

Oxidative stress can result in insulin resistance, a primary cause of type-2 diabetes. Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite generated during glucose metabolism, has also been confirmed to cause pancreatic injury and induce inflammation, thereby resulting in insulin resistance. Recently, resveratrol has been reported to exert antioxidant properties, protecting cells from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate resveratrol activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to attenuate MG-induced insulin resistance in Hep G2 cells. Therefore, the molecular signaling events affecting resveratrol-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glyoxalase expression levels were further investigated in this study. Our findings indicated that resveratrol activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway but not the p38 or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, subsequently leading to Nrf2 nuclear translocation and elevation of HO-1 and glyoxalase expression levels. Moreover, resveratrol significantly elevated glucose uptake and protected against MG-induced insulin resistance in Hep G2 cells. In contrast, depletion of Nrf2 by small interfering RNA (si-RNA) resulted in the abrogation of HO-1 and glyoxalase expression in the MG-treated resveratrol group in Hep G2 cells. Administration of an appropriate chemopreventive agent, such as resveratrol, may be an alternative strategy for protecting against MG-induced diabetes.