长期施磷黑土中磷的吸附–解吸特征及其影响因素

  【目的】  比较长期不施磷与施磷黑土对外源磷的吸附–解吸特征,为黑土区磷素管理提供理论基础。  【方法】  供试黑土长期定位试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年。2018年选择其中不施肥(CK),施氮钾肥(NK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾+有机肥(NPK+M) 4个处理小区,采集0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质,采用恒温平衡法测定了土壤磷的吸附–解吸特征,并由此计算得到磷最大吸附量(Q_m)、吸附亲和力常数(K_Q)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大解吸量(D_m)和解吸率(D_r)。  【结果】  随着平衡溶液中磷浓度的增加,磷的吸附量与解吸量均呈先快速增加后逐渐趋于平衡的过程。与不施磷处理(CK和NK)土壤相比,施磷处理(NPK、NPK+M)减少了磷的吸附量,增加了磷的解吸量。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理在0—60 cm剖面上的Q_m和MBC值分别降低了4.94%～63.46%和15.90%～75.18%,D_r值增加了8.52%～474.0%,以NPK+M处理变化量最大。施磷处理比不施磷处理在0—60 cm土壤剖面上全磷和有机质含量分别增加了34.40%～145.5%和12.77%～50.07%,游离态铁铝氧化物(Fe_d+Al_d)含量降低了5.14%～11.35%。冗余分析表明,不施磷处理土壤的有机质、Fe_d+Al_d和全磷,以及施磷处理中的Fe_d+Al_d、络合态铁铝氧化物(Fe_p+Al_p)、pH和有机质是影响磷吸附解吸特征参数的主要土壤因子,分别解释了不施磷和施磷处理全部变异的77.59%和90.62%。土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)相关关系表明,所研究的黑土DPS环境界限值为8%左右,NPK+M处理中3个土层的DPS_M-P值(由Mehlich-3 浸提的磷、铁和铝计算)为7.77%～25.96%,DPS_O-P值(由Olsen-P和Q_m计算)为17.24%～24.75%,均高于此环境界限值,具有磷素流失的风险。  【结论】  长期施磷降低了黑土对外源磷的吸附量,增加了磷解吸量。长期不施磷肥,土壤对磷的吸附和解吸主要受有机质、游离态铁铝氧化物的影响。而长期施肥,特别是有机肥与化肥配合处理,土壤中游离态和络合态铁铝氧化物、有机质及pH是影响磷吸附解吸特征的主要因素。     

Response of potatoes to different nutrient solution management in a closed hydroponic system

Ion control of nutrient solutions to control nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) was developed for Superior (medium-to-early maturing) and Atlantic (mid-late) potato cultivars grown in closed hydroponic systems in which solutions were replenished and recirculated. Results were compared with conventional nutrient solution management strategies. In the “solution replacement” treatment, nutrient solutions were completely replaced each week. In the “electrical conductivity (EC) control” treatment, water use by potato plants was compensated by adding ground water to achieve the original volume (water replenishment) and the diluted EC of the solution was adjusted to the target levels using stock solution. In “ion control” treatment, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) were added to the EC-controlled nutrient solution. The amounts increased with plant age in both cultivars. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃), P, and K in the ion control nutrient solution could be maintained at target levels. In water replenishment, recycling of nutrient solution resulted in a progressive decrease in EC and an increase in pH. Root activity increased by 93% and 59% in the Superior and Atlantic cultivars, respectively, compared with the nutrient solution replacement. These changes decreased photosynthesis, plant growth, water use, and thus tuber growth in the Superior cultivar. Decreased growth of shoots and tubers occurred without affecting photosynthesis in the Atlantic cultivar. Although there were no significant differences in root activity, photosynthesis, or plant growth between the ion control treatment and the EC control treatment, increased tuber growth was observed in the ion control treatment, possibly as a result of the constant supply of nutrients. High tuber growth and the capability to maintain solution nutrient concentration in the ion control treatment are highly desirable for closed hydroponic systems.     

Turn Red Plum Cultivation and Management Techniques

转紫红是陕西省米脂地区的一个乡土树种,特别适应本地的自然环境,而且栽培价值高,除成片大面积栽培外,也适于群众家前屋后散生栽培.     

秸秆沼气化发电技术生命周期评估及经济分析

该研究基于生命周期评价方法和时间价值动态分析方法对沼气直燃发电技术、沼气燃料电池发电技术作可行性分析,并与燃煤发电技术相比,旨在综合评估三种发电技术在环境和经济上的特点,为发电方式选择提供参考依据。结果表明：沼气燃料电池发电技术环境效益最佳,总环境影响负荷为8.55×10-4,沼气直燃发电技术总环境影响负荷为2.15×10-2,两者相较于燃煤发电（2.97×10-1）的减排量分别为99.71%和92.76%。在经济上,沼气直燃发电技术的投资回收期最短（12.03 a）,运营期净现值可达1 361 246 Yuan/MW;其次是燃煤发电技术（14.5 a）,净现值为423 933 Yuan/MW;沼气燃料电池发电技术动态回收期>20 a且未实现盈余。说明沼气直燃发电技术在近期内将仍是替代燃煤发电的最佳发电技术之一。     

牛AR基因5′UTR SNP分析及与精液品质关系

采用PCR-SSCP方法对种公牛群体雄激素受体(AR)基因5′非翻译区(5′UTR)多态性进行检测。结果表明:AR基因5′UTR含有多态性位点;测序结果显示5′UTR的-1575处存在T→G碱基突变;用最小二乘方法对该基因型与生产性状相关分析显示遗传多态性与精子密度性状呈显著相关,AA型显著高于AB型(P=0.025),对其他性状的影响差异不显著。试验为研究种公牛体内AR基因的生物学作用奠定了基础,为肉用种公牛的早期选种选育提供了候选基因和分子标记。     

图书馆危机管理流程分析

危机管理作为图书馆管理内容的重要组成部分,影响着图书馆的生存与发展,影响着图书馆的社会声誉与社会地位。文章分析了图书馆危机管理的概念,从流程管理视角出发,依次分析图书馆危机管理中的日常危机管理、危机事件管理、危机后续管理3个流程。     

农业网络资源的开发与利用

本文阐述了开发利用网上农业信息资源的重要意义，并对开发利用的方法与途径进行了探讨。     

额济纳旗绿洲生态环境的遥感动态监测分析

在干旱区利用光学遥感可以对其沙化状况、治沙效果进行监测 ,得到良好的监测效果。利用 L and-sat TM遥感图像并结合 GIS分析了绿洲最近 15 a来额济纳绿洲生态环境变化情况 ,分析表明额济纳沙漠化土地已遍布全旗。( 1)绿洲北部、东部等的湖泊水体范围在锐减 ;( 2 )绿洲面积在明显减少。2 0 0 0年比1986年后 15 a来绿洲面积减少了 6 1.48% ,平均每年面积递减 4.39% ;( 3)绿洲质量及盖度在下降。绿洲生态环境质量下降的主要原因是人类对水资源与土地的不合理利用 ,因此 ,通过引进现代高新技术如遥感的监测与系统地分析及科学地治理 ,额济纳旗绿洲生态恢复是完全可能的     

Occurrence of Honeysuckle Yellow Vein Virus (HYVV) containing a monopartite DNA-A genome in Korea

Two newly emerged begomoviruses were isolated from naturally infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown in greenhouses at Jeju Island and Dangjin in Korea and their genomes were characterized. These viruses-infected plants had very small leaves that curled upward, yellow margins and a leathery appearance, and a bushy and stunted appearance with short internodes. Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of their genomes showed that they have a DNA-A component of a monopartite begomovirus. Their genomes comprised 2763 and 2764 nucleotides with six open reading frames. The results of nt sequence similarity analysis of DNA-A genome between the two Korean isolates and isolates of Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus (TbLCJV), Honeysuckle yellow vein virus (HYVV), Honeysuckle yellow vein mosaic virus (HYVMV), and Eupatorium yellow vein virus in Japan (EpYVV) showed that they are likely similar to HYVV-[Masuda] (89.4–92.8% nt identity). Consequently, we tentatively propose the two isolates’ names as HYVV-Jeju and -DJ according to the ICTV geminivirus rules. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 33 DNA-A genome sequences using PAUP* 4.0b10 and MrBayes revealed that HYVV-Jeju and -DJ belong to the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex. Within the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex, HYVV-Jeju and -DJ are distantly related to EpYVV, HYVMV, and TbLCJV groups. Based on the presence of a recombination fragment spanning the C3 ORF, a recombinant origin was suggested for both HYVV-Jeju and –DJ, with parents close to Japanese isolates HYVMV-[SP1:00] and Eupatorium yellow vein virus (EpYVV)-[Suya]. In addition, the presence of a further recombination fragment spanning the IR suggested the parents of HYVV-DJ were close to HYVV-Jeju and EpYVV-[Suya].     

CFD-DEM耦合模拟网式过滤器局部堵塞

过滤器内部的流场不均导致使用时容易产生局部堵塞,堵塞分布受入口流速、颗粒粒径、流线轨迹等因素的共同影响。该文以计算流体力学-离散元法(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM)耦合模拟不同流量下Y型网式过滤器内部不同粒径的沙粒运动及分布,分析过滤器内部流态对沙粒运动分布的影响并通过试验加以证明。结果表明,滤网两侧的压差占总压差的77%。网面流量呈阶梯分布,最大流量位于出口侧滤网上端,最低流量位于进口侧滤网中心,前者是后者的5.9倍;对于通过滤网的颗粒,入口流速越高,颗粒通过点越集中;对于拦截颗粒,当粒径接近孔径时,颗粒稳定附着在滤网,增加入口流速使颗粒向侧面滤网聚积并产生局部堵塞,粒径远大于孔径时,颗粒在内腔中不停运动,难以稳定附着在滤网;降低入口流速将提高颗粒分布的均匀程度,延长过滤器高效段时间,减少冲洗难度。