Single-molecule kinetics of lambda exonuclease reveal base dependence and dynamic disorder

We used a multiplexed approach based on flow-stretched DNA to monitor the enzymatic digestion of lambda-phage DNA by individual bacteriophage lambda exonuclease molecules. Statistical analyses of multiple single-molecule trajectories observed simultaneously reveal that the catalytic rate is dependent on the local base content of the substrate DNA. By relating single-molecule kinetics to the free energies of hydrogen bonding and base stacking, we establish that the melting of a base from the DNA is the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. The catalytic rate also exhibits large fluctuations independent of the sequence, which we attribute to conformational changes of the enzyme-DNA complex.     

秸秆生物反应堆技术对日光温室番茄应用效果的研究

"秸秆生物反应堆"技术是在日光温室内建造反应池,通过生物技术将玉米、杂草等秸秆转化为蔬菜生长所需的CO2、热量、抗病孢子、无机及有机养料,达到番茄高产优质早熟无公害.2003-2005年在临淄区日光温室番茄大棚内推广外置式"秸秆生物反应堆"405个,转化135hm2玉米秸秆2025t,番茄平均增产40.1%,同时减少化肥投入33.35%,农药44.5%,投入产出比1:10-15,经济、生态和社会效益显著.     

密度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和能量收支的影响

研究了密度(12.04、24.08、48.16、144.49、240.81、337.13、433.46、529.78、626.11尾/m2)对凡纳滨对虾(平均初始湿重0.026±0.006g)存活、生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期45d。结果表明:I.12.04、24.08和48.16尾/m2密度水平对虾的存活率显著高于626.11尾/m2密度水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;II.12.04和24.08尾/m2密度水平对虾的特定生长率显著高于其它处理,特定生长率(SGRd)与密度(D)的回归方程为:SGRd=-0.3911Ln(D) 10.068(R2=0.8745)。     

万源县磷肥资源调查研究

通过地质，土壤的考察和分析鉴定，明确了万源县磷肥资源的类型，分布，质量，贮量和土壤磷素状况以及施磷效果。提出了开发磷肥资源，解决土壤缺磷问题，是万源县发展农业生产，脱盆致富的重要作途径。     

上海都市农业可持续发展的产业形态研究

提出上海都市农业作为与都市经济发展和人民生活息息相关的基础产业,应当优先实施可持续发展战略。上海都市农业的可持续发展,一定要走农业产业化的道路。具体来讲,就是要建设以下两大类型6种产业形态的都市农业:(1)产品型都市农业,包括生态农业、设施农业、创汇农业等;(2)服务型都市农业,包括绿化农业、旅游农业、休闲农业等。     

氮素水平对皖麦44产量和品质的调节效应

研究分析了氮素施量对优质中筋小麦皖麦 44籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明 :施氮量在 0～ 3 0 0kg/hm2 范围内 ,氮素与籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均呈二次曲线关系 ,与蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值、面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间、质量数均呈极显著正相关 ,与弱化度呈极显著负相关。增施氮素能显著提高蛋白质、面筋含量、沉降值和粉质评价值 ,降低弱化度 ,延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间。最高蛋白质产量的施氮量高于最高籽粒产量的施氮量。皖麦 44在淮北地区中等肥力地块的适宜施氮量为15 0～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 。     

Bright Spots, Structure, and Magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH Seismic Reflection Profiling

INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling shows that the decollement beneath which Indian lithosphere underthrusts the Himalaya extends at least 225 kilometers north of the Himalayan deformation front to a depth of approximately 50 kilometers. Prominent reflections appear at depths of 15 to 18 kilometers near where the decollement reflector apparently terminates. These reflections extend north of the Zangbo suture to the Damxung graben of the Tibet Plateau. Some of these reflections have locally anomalous amplitudes (bright spots) and coincident negative polarities implying that they are produced by fluids in the crust. The presence of geothermal activity and high heat flow in the regions of these reflections and the tectonic setting suggest that the bright spots mark granitic magmas derived by partial melting of the tectonically thickened crust.     

Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation

Treatment efforts for cocaine addiction are hampered by high relapse rates. To map brain areas underlying relapse, we used electrical brain stimulation and intracranial injection of pharmacological compounds after extinction of cocaine self-administration behavior in rats. Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus containing glutamatergic fibers, but not the medial forebrain bundle containing dopaminergic fibers, elicited cocaine-seeking behavior dependent on glutamate in the ventral tegmental area. This suggests a role for glutamatergic neurotransmission in relapse to cocaine abuse. The medial forebrain bundle electrodes supported intense electrical self-stimulation. These findings suggest a dissociation of neural systems subserving positive reinforcement (self-stimulation) and incentive motivation (relapse).     

Giant piezoelectricity on Si for hyperactive MEMS

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) incorporating active piezoelectric layers offer integrated actuation, sensing, and transduction. The broad implementation of such active MEMS has long been constrained by the inability to integrate materials with giant piezoelectric response, such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT). We synthesized high-quality PMN-PT epitaxial thin films on vicinal (001) Si wafers with the use of an epitaxial (001) SrTiO(3) template layer with superior piezoelectric coefficients (e(31,f) = -27 ± 3 coulombs per square meter) and figures of merit for piezoelectric energy-harvesting systems. We have incorporated these heterostructures into microcantilevers that are actuated with extremely low drive voltage due to thin-film piezoelectric properties that rival bulk PMN-PT single crystals. These epitaxial heterostructures exhibit very large electromechanical coupling for ultrasound medical imaging, microfluidic control, mechanical sensing, and energy harvesting.     

Three-dimensional orientation mapping in the transmission electron microscope

Over the past decade, efforts have been made to develop nondestructive techniques for three-dimensional (3D) grain-orientation mapping in crystalline materials. 3D x-ray diffraction microscopy and differential-aperture x-ray microscopy can now be used to generate 3D orientation maps with a spatial resolution of 200 nanometers (nm). We describe here a nondestructive technique that enables 3D orientation mapping in the transmission electron microscope of mono- and multiphase nanocrystalline materials with a spatial resolution reaching 1 nm. We demonstrate the technique by an experimental study of a nanocrystalline aluminum sample and use simulations to validate the principles involved.