半干旱农牧交错区小城镇发展及其对土地利用时空格局的影响分析

本文以半干旱农牧交错区不同地貌类型上三个典型小城镇为例,定量分析了1977-1987-1998年来小城镇的发展及其对周边土地利用格局变化的影响,结果表明,三个类型区小城镇的变化均经历了无序增长到有序增长的过程,这种变化过程间接地反映了人口的密集程度。采用3个指数(斑块百分比、最大斑块指数和平均斑块大小)对典型区域土地利用类型随其与小城镇的距离变化的分析结果表明,在梁滩相间的合同庙乡,研究区内其余土地类型间的时空变化趋于相对稳定,变化主要发生在灌木和农地之间,人类影响强度与距离间呈较强的负相关;在覆沙(黄土)丘陵区布连乡,随着距离的增加,3个指数典型年份基本上呈现不同程度的“高-低-高”的趋势,前一个峰值更多地反映人类活动的影响,而第二个峰值的出现则可能与布连乡南部的河流分布有关。在位于毛乌素沙地北缘的新街镇,随着距离的增加,3个年份的3个指数的变化无显著的规律,这可能与该区域内牧民居住的分散性有关,或与城镇本身变化的无序性有一定的关系,自然条件可能更多的影响着土地利用时空格局的变化,可见以城镇为中心的人类活动对土地利用格局的影响很大程度上受到自然条件的限制。本研究为我们准确地把握不同类型区土地利用格局的变化规律并据此建立土地变化的预测模型提供了科学的理论依据。     

水耕条件下两类富钙母岩发育土壤的系统分类归属及成因探讨

在重庆境内,遂宁组(J₃s)钙质泥岩发育水耕人为土的剖面分异多不明显,而石灰岩发育水耕人为土则不尽如此,其原因尚不明确。为此,以上述两类母岩在不同坡位发育的水耕人为土为研究对象,分析水耕条件下钙质泥岩和石灰岩发育土壤的发生特征及系统分类归属,并以有机碳矿化特性为切入点,探讨其成因。结果表明,从中坡至坡麓,钙质泥岩发育的水耕人为土(CS)结构面上均仅有少量锈斑且游离铁的垂直分异不明显,而石灰岩发育的水耕人为土(LS)结构面上有少量至多量锈斑且在不同坡位的分布状况不同,特别是下坡呈酸性的土体中游离铁的下层聚集显著,表明两类母岩发育水耕人为土铁的剖面迁移特征有明显差异。CS的有机碳累积矿化量(C₁₅)显著低于同坡位的LS(P<0.05),较低量的易矿化有机碳使得CS土体中高价铁难以发生还原,铁的剖面迁移不明显,导致不同坡位的CS典型个体均被归为简育水耕人为土;从中坡至坡麓,LS的C₁₅逐级增高,且坡麓的C₁₅显著高于其他坡位(P<0.05),加之受与坡位关联的土壤水分状况影响,其典型个体依次被...     

几个早熟苹果品种香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术分析极早熟苹果新品种早丰甜及贝拉、辽伏等早熟苹果品种果实香气成分。结果表明,(1)3种早熟苹果含醇类等12类136种香气成分,其中1-己醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯等成分均在1%以上,总含量占测定芳香物质总量的93.81%,为参试苹果品种的主要香气成分;(2)β-大马酮及草蒿脑可能是早丰甜特有香气物质;(3)根据香气成分的种类及含量,可将早丰甜与贝拉分别划为“酯香型”与“醇香型”苹果;(4)3个早熟苹果品种间香气成分种类和含量均存在差异,苹果香气成分是早熟苹果品种选育标准评价的重要指标之一。     

Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Zinc Gluconate Associated with Dimethyl Sulphoxide for Sexually Mature Canine Males Chemical Neutering

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of zinc gluconate associated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for chemical neutering in canine males. Fifteen sexually mature male dogs were divided in two groups, named control and treated. An injection was administered to both testicles, at a concentration of 26.2 mg zinc gluconate per ml and 0.5% DMSO in the treated group (11 dogs). The control group was given injections of saline solution (four dogs). Clinical examination and blood collection for a haemogram were done both before and after drug injection. There were 12 spermograms performed to analyse sperm motility, sperm vigour, ejaculate volume, testicle size, pathology and sperm concentrations. Libido was also measured. An ultrasound examination and histopathology were performed at the end of the experiment. Dogs’ libido after chemical injection was reduced by over 50%. The spermogram analysis showed final mean results of 14.54% for sperm motility, 0.72 of sperm vigour and 37 150 per million spermatozoa per millilitre, values considered below the necessary levels at which fertilization can occur. Ultrasound and histopathology analyses of testicles for the treated group revealed more intense injuries when compared with the control group, with compromised testicular parenchyma and a decrease of germ cell number leading to total atrophy, indicating that the treatment reduced the fertilizing potential of male dogs, promoting a possible subfertile status.     

Effect of mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis inhibition on ram sperm functionality

Studies have demonstrated the importance of mitochondria to sperm functionality, as the main source of ATP for cellular homoeostasis and motility. However, the role of mitochondria on sperm metabolism is still controversial. Studies indicate that, for some species, glycolysis may be the main mechanism for sperm energy production. For ram sperm, such pathway is not clear. Thus, we evaluated ram sperm in response to mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis inhibition aiming to assess the importance of each pathway for sperm functionality. Statistical analysis was performed by the SAS System for Windows, using the General Linear Model Procedure. Data were tested for residue normality and variance homogeneity. A p < .05 was considered significant. Groups treated with the mitochondrial uncoupler Carbonyl cyanide 3 chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) showed a decrease in the percentage of cells with low mitochondrial activity and high mitochondrial membrane potential. We also observed that the highest CCCP concentration promotes a decrease in sperm susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Regardless the lack of effect of CCCP on total motility, this substance induced significant alterations on sperm kinetics. Besides the interference of CCCP on spermatic movement patterns, it was also possible to observe such an effect in samples treated with the inhibitor of glycolysis (2‐deoxy‐d ‐glucose, DOG). Furthermore, treatment with DOG also led to a dose‐dependent increase in sperm susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Based on our results, we suggest that the glycolysis appears to be as important as oxidative phosphorylation for ovine sperm kinetics as this mechanism is capable of maintaining full motility when most of the cells have a low mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we found that changes in the glycolytic pathway trough glycolysis inhibition are likely involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and sperm oxidative unbalance.     

利用SRAP标记研究紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性

利用SRAP分子标记对31份苜蓿材料遗传多样性进行研究,探究不同地域来源的苜蓿种质的遗传变异和亲缘关系。筛选出24对引物,经PCR扩增后获得320条片段,其中多态性片段有287条,每对引物组合均能扩增出7～17多态性条带,平均为11.96条多态性条带;采用类平均法(UPGMA)Nei氏遗传距离进行聚类,将31份苜蓿材料聚成5类,但个别同一地域来源的苜蓿品种被归到不同的类型中,表明试供苜蓿材料具有较高的异质性。     

杏制汁适应性评价指标的探讨

以凯特×新世纪、巴旦×凯特杂交组合的F1代群体111个株系及凯特、金太阳、山农凯新1号、山农凯新2号等9个杏品种果实为试材,探讨了制汁用杏相关性状的分布特点及其评价标准。结果表明:(1)同一杏品种(株系)单果质量不同,出汁率亦有较大差异;(2)在本试验测定的性状中,单果质量和维生素C含量的分布频率接近正态分布,出汁率的分布频率呈偏态分布,而可溶性固形物含量的分布频率呈离散分布;(3)根据各个制汁相关性状的分布特点,初步提出了制汁用杏的评价标准,其中一级标准为单果质量≥50g、出汁率≥64.5%、可溶性固形物≥12%、单宁含量<0.91mg/g、维生素C含量≥0.09mg/g、糖酸比为3.33～3.98且可溶性糖含量为7.09%～7.88%,特级标准为:单果质量≥70g、出汁率≥67%、可溶性固形物≥15%、单宁含量<0.91mg/g、维生素C含量≥0.12mg/g、糖酸比为4.15～4.80且可溶性糖含量为8.12%～11.11%。     

陕西花椒主产区部分土壤中重金属的分布规律研究

在陕西17个花椒林地中采集土壤样,采用电耦合等离子质谱法等方法测定土壤样中重金属元素含量,并进行各元素之间的关联和线相关分析,确定陕西主要花椒栽培地土壤重金属的含量和安全性。结果表明,Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cu含量均低于国标中的风险筛选值,仅来自凤县石铺村土壤样的Cd含量大于国标中的最大风险管控值,这可能与Cd污染有关;在中、高Pb、Hg、Cr、As及高Cu含量土壤组中,其重金属含量明显高于我国北方土壤的背景值;土壤中Pb-Cd、Pb-Hg、Cr-As、Cr-Cu、As-Cu的含量存在正相关趋势,而Hg-As则有负相关趋势,因而低Pb、低Hg、高Cr及高Cu含量的土壤样所占比例较高。综上表明,土壤中Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、As、Cu的含量水平存在较弱的关联性,陕西花椒林地土壤中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cu含量在国标中的安全范围内,1个土壤样中的Cd含量达风险管控水平。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种"花育22号"、"唐科8号"和干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积。干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反。干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种"花育22号"20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但"唐科8号" 相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用。     

不同产量水平的玉米自交系农艺性状分析

采用聚类分析、因子分析、通径分析的方法,对我国常用自交系的农艺性状与单株产量间的关系进行分析。研究影响我国玉米自交系单株产量的主要因子,了解不同产量水平下自交系农艺性状间的关系。结果表明,我国常用66份自交系划分为低产型和高产型两类。不同玉米自交系性状间存在很大差异,同一自交系不同性状间也存在差异,同时筛选出具有不同优良性状的自交系。按方差贡献率大小,对玉米自交系单株产量起重要作用的主因子依次为衰老、叶源量、生物学产量、穗生长势等。千粒重对低产自交系起主要决定作用,行粒数是高产自交系的主要决定因素,穗行数是其主要限制因素。改良自交系应注重主因子的效应,低产自交系主攻千粒重,高产自交系主攻行粒数。