江黄颡鱼人工繁殖的初步研究

对江黄颡鱼（Pseudobagrus uachelli Richardson)的人工繁殖进行了初步试验，先用LRH-A2预备针催熟，再用1mgPG 2.5mgDOM 3.5μgLRH-A2混合催产，水温24-27℃下，效应时间为20-24h，产卵率可达97%，采用等渗液稀释磨碎的精巢，经人工授精，受精率达70%，采用塑料网片粘卵，在卵化环道内孵化，孵化率达94%，此外，对江黄颡自然繁殖的生态条件进行了探讨。     

KC1对中间球海胆幼虫变态的诱导效果

中间球海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius)八腕后期幼虫，在KC1添加浓度100mmol/L海水中，分别处理5，10，15min后，均变态为正常稚海胆，中间试验及生产应用结果表明，经KC1处理，幼虫的附着时间缩短了36h，附着率则分别增加了40．4％，27．75％。     

酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用

在饲料中添加定量的酵母免疫多糖,投喂注射接种了福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)菌苗的斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus),28 d后通过测定供试鱼的增重量、血清中凝集抗体效价、溶菌酶活性、谷丙转氨酶活性(SGPT)、血清总蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬活性以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率(RPS),探讨了酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用。结果表明,用添加200.0 mg/(kg.d)酵母免疫多糖的饲料投喂受免斑点叉尾,不仅可以使受免斑点叉尾对灭活嗜水气单胞菌的免疫应答水平提高,增强抵抗嗜水气单胞菌人工感染的能力,而且还具有一定的促进生长和改善肝功能的作用。     

Pheromonal stimulation of ovarian recrudescence in hatchery-raised adult African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

Adult female African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were manipulated to enter the phase of ovarian recrudescence by induced ovulation and stripping. These females were exposed to various conspecific stimuli for 33 days. At the end of the experimental period, gonadosomatic indexes (GSIs) were higher in females which had received holding water from a mixed-sex population than in comparable controls. The effect was abolished when recipient females had been rendered anosmic, indicating the presence of chemical substances perceptible through olfaction. Fecundity estimates and histological analysis suggest that the increase in GSI due to pheromonal stimulation is caused by both an increased recruitment of oocytes into the stage of exogenous vitellogenesis and by an enhanced deposition of yolk material in the oocytes. It is concluded that male C. gariepinus release pheromones with a stimulatory effect on vitellogenesis. Neither anosmia itself nor metabolites in holding water affected ovarian recrudescence or body weight increase. The biological significance of such pheromones is discussed in the context of observations on reproduction of C. gariepinus made in the natural environment.     

成体瘤背石磺不同组织中的重金属含量及其评价

采用原子吸收法测定了瘤背石磺栖息地(崇明北支芦苇滩涂)的水质、土壤及成体瘤背石磺不同组织中的各项重金属含量,并与相应的国家标准进行了比较。结果表明:瘤背石磺栖息地的水质和土壤基本符合相应的国家标准,仅土壤中的Cu和Zn含量略超过国家标准《土壤环境质量标准》,污染指数分别为1.39和1.09。瘤背石磺肝胰腺中积累了较多的Cu、Zn和Fe,含量分别高达314.33、258.33和192.40μg/g组织湿重,两性腺中的Zn含量为309.33μg/g组织湿重,显著高于其它组织(P<0.05),肌肉和卵黄腺中的重金属含量均较低。除Cd含量外,瘤背石磺肌肉中的其它重金属含量均符合国家标准《农产品安全质量:无公害水产品安全要求》中的规定要求,但是肌肉中Cd含量远低于CAC标准(国际食品法典委员会标准)规定的2.0μg/g湿重。     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼生长特性及合理利用

采用2002年11月~2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部区域(30°~34°N、126°E以西范围)所获取的鲐鱼(Scomberjaponicus)样品,通过观察鲐鱼耳石生长轮和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长;再依据不完全β函数渔获量方程,计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获量(Yw/R)的变化情况。结果表明,采用Walford方法拟合的鲐鱼生长方程,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.320、451.4和-1.203。比较不同时期鲐鱼的生长情况显示,20世纪60、80年代和21世纪初期鲐鱼的生长较接近,而20世纪70年代的鲐鱼生长情况与其他3个时期的鲐鱼生长相差较大。比较不同海域鲐鱼的生长情况显示,随着纬度的增加,鲐鱼的个体有增大的趋势,经分析很可能与海水温度有关。根据历史资料推算出鲐鱼的最大年龄(tλ)为9龄;根据最近的采样,推算出鲐鱼的开捕年龄和补充年龄都为0.4年,鲐鱼的自然死亡率为0.355,捕捞死亡率为2.27。利用上述参数,动态综合模型模拟的结果显示,该资源过度捕捞已很严重。若保持当前捕捞强度,则必须把开捕年龄限制在2.9龄;若能同时改变捕捞强度和开捕年龄,则可以把当前的开捕年龄限制在2.0龄,捕捞死亡率降到1.3,这样鲐鱼资源才能够得到保护与合理利用。     

三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中主要生化组成的变化及其能量来源

系统研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)胚胎发育过程中胚胎体积、单卵干重、湿重、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的变化规律,探讨胚胎发育过程中能量来源和消耗规律。结果表明,三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中,胚胎体积持续增加,由受精卵时的(24.5±1.72)×106μm3增加到孵化前的(39.2±2.8)×106μm3(P<0.01);胚胎体积增加主要发生在胚胎发育后期。胚胎发育过程中单卵中水分含量呈上升趋势(P<0.05),水分绝对量由受精卵的(19.88±1.65)μg上升到心跳期的(28.82±1.77)μg,单卵水分含量升高了44.97%,故单卵湿重显著上升(P<0.05)。整个胚胎发育过程中单卵干重下降了4.64%。胚胎发育过程中单卵中的蛋白质、脂肪下降显著,分别减少了(1.97±0.35)μg和(1.99±0.45)μg,脂肪含量下降幅度为50.48%,而蛋白质含量下降幅度为23.48%;三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中能量主要由脂类提供(71.32±20.46)%,其次由蛋白质提供(27.13±4.29)%,脂类和蛋白质分别充当了不同胚胎时期的主要能量来源,胚胎中的能量消耗主要发生在卵裂期、原肠期和心跳期。     

棘头梅童鱼肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因克隆及组织表达分析

为进一步了解肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(L-FABP基因)在棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)营养调控、脂肪酸代谢和免疫应答等方面的功能作用,以棘头梅童鱼全基因组组装数据为基础,获得L-FABP基因的含开放阅读框的cDNA序列,利用生物信息学方法分析编码的蛋白质结构及进化关系,采用荧光定量(qRT-PCR)技术研究了不同组织中L-FABP基因的表达情况。结果表明,L-FABP基因cDNA序列为475 bp,其中5’非翻译区为51 bp,3’非翻译区为40 bp,开放阅读框为384 bp,编码127个氨基酸。其结构由10个β-折叠链和2个α-螺旋链组成,在氨基酸3~126位点间具有保守的脂质/胞质性脂肪酸结合结构域。棘头梅童鱼L-FABP基因与大黄鱼、条纹狼鲈同源性较近,与绿河鲀、尼罗罗非鱼和斑马鱼同源性较远。L-FABP基因在棘头梅童鱼肝脏、肠道、眼、大脑、心脏、肌肉、胃、鳃、脾脏、头肾和中肾中均有表达,其中肝脏中的L-FABP相对表达量最高,显著高于其他组织(P<0.05)。     

南极磷虾资源开发利用现状及发展趋势

南极磷虾(Euphausua superba)商业性开发从20世纪70年代初开始,生产至今,南极磷虾总的渔获量已超过600万t,其中的90%以上来自于大西洋海区西侧的Scotia海域,2001/2002年南极磷虾产量为11.87万t,生产国家为日本、波兰、韩国、乌克兰和美国等.2000年提出有意从事南极磷虾生产的国家有俄罗斯、南非、英国、乌拉圭和阿根廷等.本研究着重介绍南极磷虾资源状况、作业渔场、生产利用等,对我国今后开发利用南极磷虾提出一些看法.     

Building shade affects light environment and urban greenery in high-density residential estates in Singapore

Urban green spaces are an important component of the urban ecosystem of cities as they provide a range of ecosystem services that contribute to sustainability and livability of urban areas. The extent to which such services are provided is influenced by limitations on biological processes that underpin such ecosystem services. A poorly understood limitation in the urban environment is the effects of shade created by buildings on the adequacy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for plant growth. We examined the effects of building shade in high-density, high-rise residential estates in Singapore on the level and distribution of PAR, and how PAR might in turn be correlated with growth of plants in community green spaces nested within these estates. Our estimates showed that high-rise and high-density buildings reduced daily PAR by almost 50% when compared to fully exposed conditions. The reduced PAR levels were correlated with lower vegetative and reproductive growth of several species of shrubs, and increased slenderness of two tree species. The shade environment created by buildings was differentiated from shade under vegetation canopies by longer periods of high instantaneous PAR during a diurnal cycle. There was also evidence of higher red to far-red ratio in the spectral composition of PAR. We suggest that an understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR is necessary for appropriate selection of plants, particularly to match daily PAR received on site to daily light integral requirements of plants for improved delivery of ecosystem services.