青枯菌Ⅱ型分泌系统编码基因的克隆

植物青枯菌Ⅱ型分泌系统与致病蛋白的分泌密切相关.编码青枯菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)Ⅱ型分泌系统的gsp基因簇由12个基因组成,通过设计适合高GC%含量基因扩增的PCR反应体系,成功克隆了编码青枯菌Ⅱ型分泌系统的全部12个gsp基因.分别将gsp基因连接到酵母双杂交系统的诱饵及捕获载体上,构建了gsp基因诱饵库和捕获库.经序列测定证明12个gsp基因读框正确,保障了其在酵母系统中的表达.     

不同降雨强度对营养盐垂向迁移过程和淋失量的影响

云南抚仙湖流域农田面源污染日益严重,土壤污染物主要随地表径流进入湖泊,使湖泊受到污染。但目前的现场观测表明,农田区浅层地下水也已受到污染,地下水已成为污染物输移的路径之一。通过四组不同降雨强度作用下的室内土柱试验模拟土壤污染物向地下水的淋失迁移量,对降雨入渗过程中总氮、总磷、铵态氮和硝态氮的垂向迁移过程进行了分析,通过分时段处理来对各组实验中营养盐累积淋失量进行了计算。结果表明,硝态氮的垂向迁移能力和出流浓度均大于铵态氮,总氮和总磷的累积淋失量与累积降雨量呈自然对数关系;降雨强度对总氮的淋失作用明显,对总磷淋失量的影响则相对较弱。实验结果有助于揭示抚仙湖流域降雨作用下农田土壤中污染物的垂向迁移过程及其对农田浅层地下水的污染机制,并为污染物垂向迁移的数学模拟提供数据基础。     

摩杂一代水牛与广西沼泽型水牛垂体组织结构的比较研究

对广西摩杂一代水牛的脑垂体进行组织学研究,并和广西沼泽型水牛(Bubalus bubalis)的脑垂体进行比较。将两种水牛的脑垂体做成切片,采用HE染色并通过图像分析仪进行分析。结果显示摩杂一代水牛脑垂体呈长卵圆形,其神经部细胞大小和细胞密度和广西沼泽型水牛差异不显著,中间部的嫌色细胞较广西沼泽型水牛的多,而远侧部的各种细胞出现率表现出差异显著,其中嗜酸性细胞与广西沼泽型水牛差异极显著。这些结果为培育广西奶水牛提供形态学依据。     

蔬菜硝酸盐累积的生理和分子生物学机理

蔬菜是易累积硝酸盐的植物,弄清硝酸盐在蔬菜体内的累积和分布机理是降低蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量的基础。综述了蔬菜累积硝酸盐的主要影响因素、硝酸盐累积的生理和分子生物学机理,并对今后蔬菜硝酸盐的研究方向进行展望。     

Dynamic of organic matter in the heavy fraction after abandonment of cultivated wetlands

The abandonment of cultivated wetland soil increased the contents of light fraction organic matter (LFOM), heavy fraction organic matter (HFOM) and soil organic matter (SOM). The LFOM and HFOM content increased to 13.3 g kg⁻¹ and 62.4 g kg⁻¹ after 5 years whereas they were 8.4 and 47.9 g kg⁻¹ after 9 years of cropping, respectively. Fourteen years after abandonment, HFOM content increased to 104.3 g kg⁻¹. LFOM was positively correlated with HFOM (p < 0.001). A Langmuir equation was used to calculate the highest HFOM value. The value for the natural wetland soil was closed to this theoretical value (140.8 g kg⁻¹). After 14 years of abandonment, the HFOM maximum (HFOM_Max) value was lower than the equilibrium value suggesting that a further increase in HFOM can occur after abandonment. Assuming a linear accumulation (3.87 Mg C ha⁻¹yr⁻¹), it would take approximately 24 years after the abandonment to reach the HFOM_Max value.     

Nitrogen Fractions and Release in the Sediments from the Shallow Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area, China

Different nitrogen (N) fractions from 14 sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River area before and after N release experiments were investigated, and the content of different N fractions, and contribution of different N fractions to the N released from sediments were also studied. Ion-exchangeable form (IEF–N), carbonate form (CF–N), iron-manganese oxide form (IMOF–N) and organic matter-sulfide form (OSF–N) accounted for 2.72～17.67%, 0.47～4.43%, 1.18～3.49% and 31.05 to 71.61% to total N, respectively. The N released was higher than 50% from IEF–N, approximately 35% from OSF–N, 6 and 8% from CF–N and IMOF–N on the average. Approximately 27.32～70.02% of IEF–N, 10.37～32.11% of CF–N, 11.37～33.43% IMOF–N and 2.02～8.19% OSF–N were released. For the sediments that were slightly polluted, IEF–N was the main N fraction that may be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 63.07%, for the sediments that TN was higher than 3,540.27 mg·kg^?1, OSF–N would become the main N fraction that can be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 45%.     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

低磷胁迫对玉米叶片色素和形态的影响

通过大田试验,以4个基因型玉米为材料,研究了低磷胁迫下玉米叶片色素和形态变化及其内部生理机制.结果表明,低磷条件下,玉米叶片叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素/红色素均减少,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素,红色素减少幅度较大,为高磷条件下的0.4～0.8倍,且减少幅度高于"178"和"*082".低磷条件下,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和总黄酮含量均增加,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"为高磷条件下的1.5～2.0倍,增加幅度高于基因型"178"和"*082"."7922"和"掖107"的叶宽和鲜重在两个供磷水平下差异显著,"掖107"的叶片主叶脉直径和总叶片数差异显著.低磷土壤条件下玉米叶宽和主叶脉直径变小,鲜重和总叶片数减少.不同基因型玉米叶片色素和形态变化差异显著.初步推测,"7922"和"掖107"不耐低磷, "178"和"*082"较耐低磷.