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11.
Functional CpG methylation system in a social insect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang Y Jorda M Jones PL Maleszka R Ling X Robertson HM Mizzen CA Peinado MA Robinson GE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5799):645-647
DNA methylation systems are well characterized in vertebrates, but methylation in Drosophila melanogaster and other invertebrates remains controversial. Using the recently sequenced honey bee genome, we present a bioinformatic, molecular, and biochemical characterization of a functional DNA methylation system in an insect. We report on catalytically active orthologs of the vertebrate DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and b, two isoforms that contain a methyl-DNA binding domain, genomic 5-methyl-deoxycytosine, and CpG-methylated genes. The honey bee provides an opportunity to study the roles of methylation in social contexts. 相似文献
12.
MacArthur DG Balasubramanian S Frankish A Huang N Morris J Walter K Jostins L Habegger L Pickrell JK Montgomery SB Albers CA Zhang ZD Conrad DF Lunter G Zheng H Ayub Q DePristo MA Banks E Hu M Handsaker RE Rosenfeld JA Fromer M Jin M Mu XJ Khurana E Ye K Kay M Saunders GI Suner MM Hunt T Barnes IH Amid C Carvalho-Silva DR Bignell AH Snow C Yngvadottir B Bumpstead S Cooper DN Xue Y Romero IG; Genomes Project Consortium Wang J Li Y Gibbs RA McCarroll SA Dermitzakis ET Pritchard JK Barrett JC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6070):823-828
Genome-sequencing studies indicate that all humans carry many genetic variants predicted to cause loss of function (LoF) of protein-coding genes, suggesting unexpected redundancy in the human genome. Here we apply stringent filters to 2951 putative LoF variants obtained from 185 human genomes to determine their true prevalence and properties. We estimate that human genomes typically contain ~100 genuine LoF variants with ~20 genes completely inactivated. We identify rare and likely deleterious LoF alleles, including 26 known and 21 predicted severe disease-causing variants, as well as common LoF variants in nonessential genes. We describe functional and evolutionary differences between LoF-tolerant and recessive disease genes and a method for using these differences to prioritize candidate genes found in clinical sequencing studies. 相似文献
13.
棉花3个脂肪酸碳链延长基因的cDNA克隆和表达分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
【目的】克隆棉花脂肪酸合成碳链延长的3个重要基因,分析它们的基因表达及其对逆境胁迫的反应,为棉花高油分育种和抗逆育种提供候选基因。【方法】采用同源克隆的方法,克隆陆地棉脂肪酸合成碳链延长3个重要基因GhKAR、GhHAD和GhENR的cDNA全长;应用生物信息学方法,分析克隆基因编码蛋白的特性;通过RT-PCR,分析目标基因的组织表达特征、时空表达水平和非生物胁迫条件下的表达特性。【结果】GhKAR和GhENR属于NADB Rosemann超基因家族,GhHAD属于hotdog超基因家族;GhKAR、GhHAD和GhENR的cDNA全长分别为1 119、906和1 318 bp,分别编码283、221、394个氨基酸;它们在根、茎、叶及胚珠发育不同时期均有表达。3个基因在高油材料中的基因表达水平都高于低油材料;20DPA(days post anthesis)到30DPA是高低油材料油分积累的主要时期,而30DPA到成熟期是高低油材料油分含量差距产生的关键时期。20DPA低油材料3个基因均有一个表达低值,高油材料基因表达量则持续升高;30DPA时表达量达到最高,其中,对于GhHAD和GhENR的表达量,棉花高油材料为低油材料2倍以上。不同非生物胁迫的诱导表达分析表明,GhKAR、GhHAD和GhENR都不同程度地受低温诱导,GhKAR和GhHAD在ABA诱导时上调表达,但都不受MeJA诱导表达;而GhENR在MeJA诱导2 h时上调表达,之后逐渐下调,受ABA诱导不明显。【结论】获得了GhKAR、GhHAD、GhENR 3个基因cDNA全长,通过基因表达特征分析,3个基因的表达可能对种子油分积累起着重要作用,同时在棉花抗逆方面也起一定的生理作用。 相似文献
14.
Edery P Marcaillou C Sahbatou M Labalme A Chastang J Touraine R Tubacher E Senni F Bober MB Nampoothiri S Jouk PS Steichen E Berland S Toutain A Wise CA Sanlaville D Rousseau F Clerget-Darpoux F Leutenegger AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6026):240-243
The spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein complex that includes proteins and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), catalyzes RNA splicing through intron excision and exon ligation to produce mature messenger RNAs, which, in turn serve as templates for protein translation. We identified four point mutations in the U4atac snRNA component of the minor spliceosome in patients with brain and bone malformations and unexplained postnatal death [microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 (MOPD 1) or Taybi-Linder syndrome (TALS); Mendelian Inheritance in Man ID no. 210710]. Expression of a subgroup of genes, possibly linked to the disease phenotype, and minor intron splicing were affected in cell lines derived from TALS patients. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of the minor spliceosome component U4atac snRNA in early human development and postnatal survival. 相似文献
15.
Amaya-Guerra CA Alanis-Guzman MG Serna Saldívar SO 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2004,59(2):45-50
The physiological development of laboratory rats fed with a typical indigenous tortilla diet was studied for two generations. The experiment compared casein control diet and five different types of diets: (1) a diet of tortillas obtained from fresh masa (FM); (2) regular tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour containing vitamins B1, B2, niacin, folic acid, and the microminerals iron and zinc (REDMF); (3) tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour fortified with 6% defatted soybean meal (FEDMF); (4) tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour (EQPM); and (5) and, tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour fortified with 3% defatted soybean meal (FEQPM). The growth of rats fed FEDMF and FEQPM diets was significantly higher (P<0.05) in both generations than their counterparts fed EQPM, REDMF, or FM diet. Animals fed quality protein maize (QPM) tortilla had the highest protein digestibility, but the FEQPM and FEDMF diets had the highest biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), and protein-digestibility-corrected EAA scores (PDCEAAS). The difference among treatments was more evident in the second-generation rats. The pregnancy rate, number of newborns/litter, litter weight, and newborn survival rate was also higher for rats fed FEDMF, EQPM, and FEQPM diets than their counterparts fed REDMF and FM. 相似文献
16.
Streptococcus iniae and Gyrodactylus niloticus are two common pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. We studied concurrent infection of tilapia by G. niloticus and S. iniae and evaluated whether parasitism in tilapia with Gyrodactylus increased susceptibility and mortality following immersion infection with S. iniae. Results showed that death mainly occurred in fish with G. niloticus and challenged with S. iniae (G-S group). The accumulative mortality (42.2%) was significantly higher in the G-S group than in fish not infected by the parasite (6.7%), but exposed to S. iniae. Bacteriological examination revealed S. iniae from > or =92% of dead or moribund fish challenged with S. iniae. Gyrodactylus not only damaged fish epithelium and provided entry for invasive bacteria but also was found to harbour viable cells of S. iniae for 24 and 72 h. Streptococcus iniae was isolated from 60% and 40% of G. niloticus collected from fish infected by intraperitoneal injection or immersion, respectively, at 24 h post-challenge. The present study confirms that parasitism of tilapia by G. niloticus increased host mortality following exposure to the bacterial pathogen S. iniae. 相似文献
17.
18.
Mold JE Venkatasubrahmanyam S Burt TD Michaëlsson J Rivera JM Galkina SA Weinberg K Stoddart CA McCune JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6011):1695-1699
Although the mammalian immune system is generally thought to develop in a linear fashion, findings in avian and murine species argue instead for the developmentally ordered appearance (or "layering") of distinct hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that give rise to distinct lymphocyte lineages at different stages of development. Here we provide evidence of an analogous layered immune system in humans. Our results suggest that fetal and adult T cells are distinct populations that arise from different populations of HSCs that are present at different stages of development. We also provide evidence that the fetal T cell lineage is biased toward immune tolerance. These observations offer a mechanistic explanation for the tolerogenic properties of the developing fetus and for variable degrees of immune responsiveness at birth. 相似文献
19.
Velasquez-Pereira J Aréchiga CF McDowell LR Hansen PJ Chenoweth PJ Calhoun MC Risco CA Batra TR Williams SN Wilkinson NS 《Journal of animal science》2002,80(9):2485-2492
Superovulated Hereford-Angus crossbred heifers (average 397 kg BW) were used to test the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (gossypol) and vitamin E on embryo quality and ovarian characteristics. Twenty-four heifers were assigned randomly to four treatments with six heifers per treatment. Treatments were the following dietary supplements: 1) SBM (soybean meal + 30 IU vitamin E/kg of diet DM); 2) SBM+E (soybean meal + 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) x d(-1)); 3) CSM (cottonseed meal + 30 IU vitamin E/kg of diet DM); and 4) CSM+E (cottonseed meal + 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) x d(-1)). Supplements based on cottonseed meal provided 43.5 g of total gossypol/d (37% negative isomer (-) and 63% positive isomer (+)). Blood samples were collected at the start of the experiment and every 3 wk thereafter up to 12 wk. Plasma a-tocopherol (alpha-T) concentration was affected by treatments (P < 0.05). Heifers supplemented with cottonseed meal had greater (P < 0.05) alpha-T concentration in plasma than heifers supplemented with soybean meal at each concentration of vitamin E. Supplementation at 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) d(-1) increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of a-T in plasma. Weight gain, hemoglobin and hematocrit were not affected by treatment. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) increased (P < 0.05) in cottonseed meal-fed animals; however, EOF was lowered (P < 0.05) with vitamin E supplementation. Heifers fed CSM and CSM+E supplements had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of (-)-, (+)-, and total-gossypol in plasma, corpora lutea (CL), liver, and endometrium than heifers fed SBM and SBM+E supplements. Tissue alpha-T concentration increased with increased dietary supplemental vitamin E, particularly in great amounts in the CL. Because there was no adverse effect of gossypol on superovulation response or embryo development despite concentrations of gossypol in endometrium that are toxic to embryos, it is likely that systems exist in the reproductive tract to limit gossypol toxicity. 相似文献
20.
A global overview of dam-based impacts on large river systems shows that over half (172 out of 292) are affected by dams, including the eight most biogeographically diverse. Dam-impacted catchments experience higher irrigation pressure and about 25 times more economic activity per unit of water than do unaffected catchments. In view of projected changes in climate and water resource use, these findings can be used to identify ecological risks associated with further impacts on large river systems. 相似文献