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121.
Muldoon MT Buckley SA Deshpande SS Holtzapple CK Beier RC Stanker LH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(2):545-550
Several rapid extraction methods were evaluated for use with a monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) to detect sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in chicken liver tissue. These methods included extraction of the samples with (1) aqueous buffer with or without ultrafiltration, (2) acetonitrile/water, (3) methanol/water, or (4) acetone. The organic extraction methods were evaluated with or without solvent evaporation prior to dilution into assay buffer for the cELISA. The aqueous-based extraction methods were compatible with the cELISA. However, of the organic extraction methods, only the acetone liver extract with solvent evaporation prior to analysis was compatible with the cELISA. The cELISA method coupled to aqueous- or acetone-based sample extraction as well as an HPLC method was evaluated for the analysis of chicken liver tissues fortified with SDM at levels from 0.2 to 0.025 ppm. Mean SDM recoveries for the HPLC method and for the cELISA method using samples prepared by aqueous extraction, aqueous extraction and ultrafiltration, or acetone extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution were 68.9, 95.7, 60.1, and 52.5%, respectively. For the analysis of samples obtained from an SDM incurred residue study, HPLC and cELISA analysis of the same organic extract gave results that were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.976; p < 0.0001). However, results obtained from the analysis of aqueous extracts by cELISA did not correlate well with those obtained by HPLC (R(2) = 0.61, p > 0. 0006). This was attributed to the coextraction of cross-reactive SDM-related residues that were not quantified by the HPLC method. The presence of these residues should be considered during data interpretation when ELISA methods coupled with rapid aqueous extraction of samples are used in SDM residue monitoring programs. 相似文献
122.
秸秆还田是培肥地力、改良土壤的重要措施。内蒙古高原向松辽平原过渡地带春玉米区,玉米长期连作导致了耕层变薄、土壤次生盐渍化等土壤退化问题。采用田间定位试验的方法,研究连续多年(8、5、2年)秸秆旋耕还田条件下对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田土壤中最丰富的细菌类型为变形菌门(Proteobac-teria),其次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);真菌类型为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,变形菌门和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度增加、放线菌门相对丰度下降,拟杆菌门相对丰度较稳定;子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度先下降后上升,而球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)相对丰度变化规律相反;属水平上Sphingomonas、Lysobacter、Hannaella相对丰度先上升后下降,而Leptosphaeria和Mono-dictys相对丰度变化规律相反;Pseudarthrobacter、Fusarium相对丰度下降,Gaiella相对丰度较稳定;Guehomyces相对丰度增加;并且细菌和真菌相对丰度拐点均出现在秸秆还田5年后。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤细菌和真菌多样性均有所降低;秸秆还田与秸秆不还田土壤的差异物种有Aquicella、Fusicolla和Spizellomyces;由此可推测,秸秆还田增加土壤氮和钾含量,减少病害;试验区连续多年的玉米秸秆还田改变了土壤微生物群落组成,玉米秸秆连续还田5年后土壤微生物多样性有下降趋势。 相似文献
123.
124.
Experiments were conducted with 270 Abore Acre male broilers to study the influence of dietary chlortetracycline (CTC) on the bursal, thymus and spleen weight index and T, B cell proliferation and antibody responses of broilers. Results show that 50mg/kg CTC had no significant inhibitory effect on thymus and spleen weight index, and T, B cell proliferation of broilers at 21 days old. 150mg/kg CTC had significant inhibitory effect on bursal, thymus and spleen, and T, B cell proliferation (P<0.05). Dietary CTC had a direct inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. 50mg/kg and 150mg/kg CTC had a significant inhibitory effect on the antibody responses to BSA (P<0.01). Results demonstrated that subtherapeutic and long term CTC had significant inhibitory effects on immune organs and antibody response. The immunosuppressant effect became higher when the level of CTC increased. 150mg/kg CTC increased the growth rate of broilers significantly. 相似文献
125.
以燕麦耐盐碱性品种白燕二号和盐碱敏感性品种草莜一号为试验材料,采用中性盐NaCl、Na2SO4及碱性盐Na2CO3、NaHCO3按摩尔比1∶1混合,研究不同盐、碱胁迫对燕麦生物产量及吸收Na+、K+的影响。结果表明,随着盐、碱胁迫浓度的增加,2个品种根、茎、叶中Na+含量增加,K+含量减少,K+/Na+和生物量下降,盐胁迫下K+/Na+及生物量降幅小于碱胁迫,Na+含量增幅小于碱胁迫;且同浓度胁迫下,盐胁迫较碱胁迫叶片中Na+含量较低,K+含量、K+/Na+较高。2个品种间存在差异,盐、碱胁迫下白燕二号中增加的Na+含量小于草莜一号,减少的K+含量、K+/Na+及生物量小于草莜一号,尤其在高盐、碱胁迫下叶片中K+含量及K+/Na+远大于同浓度下的草莜一号;白燕二号比草莜一号根中截留Na+和地上部选择性吸收K+能力强。 相似文献
126.
127.
为了有效利用和厚朴的树枝,在1.5、1.7、2.1 MPa等不同压力条件下,对和厚朴树枝进行高压水蒸气蒸馏以提取有效成分厚朴酚与和厚朴酚。对蒸馏液和废液进行气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)分析,并以有机溶剂提取出的厚朴酚与和厚朴酚作为全部提取量,计算厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的转移率。结果表明,1.5 MPa高压水蒸气蒸馏的精油收率为4.53%,厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的转移率分别为33.61%和30.59%。2.1 MPa高压水蒸气蒸馏的精油收率最高(9.05%),但是厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的转移率比1.5 MPa条件下的转移率降低。在高温高压条件下,短时间内从和厚朴树枝中得到了高提取率的厚朴酚与和厚朴酚。和厚朴的蒸馏压力越高,各成分的提取率越高,但随着压力的增加,提取成分有可能发生化学变化。 相似文献
128.
129.
Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Adler PB Seabloom EW Borer ET Hillebrand H Hautier Y Hector A Harpole WS O'Halloran LR Grace JB Anderson TM Bakker JD Biederman LA Brown CS Buckley YM Calabrese LB Chu CJ Cleland EE Collins SL Cottingham KL Crawley MJ Damschen EI Davies KF DeCrappeo NM Fay PA Firn J Frater P Gasarch EI Gruner DS Hagenah N Hille Ris Lambers J Humphries H Jin VL Kay AD Kirkman KP Klein JA Knops JM La Pierre KJ Lambrinos JG Li W MacDougall AS McCulley RL Melbourne BA Mitchell CE Moore JL Morgan JW Mortensen B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1750-1753
For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness. 相似文献
130.
【目的】在氧化应激条件下,研究海带岩藻聚糖及其级分对肉鸡巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响,初步探讨海带岩藻聚糖及其级分的免疫调节功能与抗氧化作用的关系。【方法】以叔丁基过氧化氢(tBOOH)为活性氧诱导剂,加入肉鸡腹腔巨噬细胞培养液中,测定细胞培养液中抗氧化酶的变化,巨噬细胞分泌一氧化氮(NO)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、以及细胞因子IL-1和TFN-α等免疫指标的变化。【结果】用tBOOH处理后的巨噬细胞,细胞存活率显著下降(P<0.05),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)显著升高(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。巨噬细胞的吞噬活性显著降低(P<0.05),NO、iNOS和呼吸爆发显著降低(P<0.05),细胞因子IL-1分泌量显著下降(P<0.05),表明细胞出现明显的氧化损伤。在培养液中加入海带岩藻聚糖及其级分,能够缓解细胞的氧化应激,使得细胞存活率上升,LDH和MDA降低,SOD和GSH-Px升高,免疫指标均有不同程度的恢复。【结论】海带岩藻聚糖及其级分具有抗氧化活性,不同级分的抗氧化活性存在差异,其中级分Ⅲ、级分Ⅳ的作用较强。海带岩藻聚糖对巨噬细胞的免疫促进作用与其抗氧化活性有关。 相似文献