液压电机叶片泵样机的性能试验

针对研制出的液压电机叶片泵样机,建立了电机泵性能试验系统,获得了样机的输入电量参数、输出液压能参数及内部转子转速和壳体内部压力等参数,得到了液压电机叶片泵样机的转子转速、噪声、功率和效率等随输出压力变化的特性,并与同等功率液压电机油泵组的试验结果进行了对比。与电机油泵组相比,电机叶片泵样机的体积减小50%、轴向尺寸减小61%,噪声降低约7 dB,液压电机叶片泵内部转子转速随输出压力升高而明显下降;同时,试验也发现样机存在内部流道狭窄引起的气泡析出和内部密封不良引起额外泄漏的问题,提出了相应的解决方法,为电机泵的后续优化及工业化提供了参考依据。     

干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展

植被恢复与建设是控制水土流失的重要措施.在干旱半干旱地区,植被在空间上的分布呈现离散特征,在坡面上形成的裸地-植被镶嵌和植被条带分布等覆被格局对水土流失过程具有重要影响.覆被格局与水土流失关系研究是景观生态学格局与过程研究的重要内容.从植被斑块、坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响与耦合覆被格局与水土流失的手段和方法三个方面对国内外相关研究进行总结分析.从中发现,植被类型、层次结构和形态特征是植被斑块尺度上影响径流泥沙的关键因素;不同覆被类型的产流产沙特征与覆被格局的准确描述是研究覆被格局水土流失效应的重要基础;坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响关键在于其改变了径流泥沙运移和汇集的连续性,应重点关注径流泥沙源汇区的连通性和空间分布在水土流失中的作用;以坡面的精确覆被制图为基础,建立基于水土流失过程的覆被格局指数和耦合格局信息的径流与侵蚀模型是定量研究覆被格局影响的有效手段.今后应加强以下研究:以动态系统的观点研究覆被格局的变化对水土流失的影响,系统理解覆被格局与水土流失之间的相互联系与反馈机制,探讨两者间动态关系随尺度变化的规律性并发展尺度上推方法;构建过程意义明确且简单实用的格局指数,将覆被格局与水土流失过程有机联系起来;发展覆被格局的动态信息与产流产沙过程相结合的水文模型,加强对格局与径流泥沙反馈系统的耦合,建立真正意义上的覆被格局-水土流失过程耦合模型.     

黄土高原县域土壤养分空间变异特征及预测——以陕西省横山县为例

研究土壤属性空间变异及其分布特征与环境因子的关系,对于了解生态系统的过程具有重要意义。以横山县为例,采集了254个耕层(0~20 cm)土样,利用数字地形与遥感影像分析技术,提取相关地形与遥感指数,分析不同土地利用、地形条件下土壤养分空间变异及分布特征,并结合回归分析与地统计学进行空间分布预测。结果表明,不同土地利用类型其养分含量差异显著,水田和川地的有机质和全氮含量明显高于其他土地利用类型,而全磷含量以梯田最高。不同坡度分析表明,"0~3°"坡度等级有机质和全氮含量显著高于其他坡度等级;不同坡向土壤养分含量差异均不显著,但存在一个明显的趋势,即阴坡有机质和全氮含量整体上要较阳坡高。土壤有机质与高程H呈现负相关,与坡向的余弦值cosα、复合地形指数CTI、修正后的土壤调节植被指数MSAVI及湿度指数WI呈正相关。土壤全氮与相关环境因子的关系基本与有机质的一致。而土壤全磷与修正后的土壤调节植被指数MSAVI及湿度指数WI正相关。土壤有机质和全氮用相关环境变量的多元线性逐步回归模型拟合预测较好,而对于全磷,预测结果较差;回归—克里格预测有效地减小了残差,消除了平滑效应,与实测值较为接近,预测精度高于多元线性逐步回归预测。     

基于网格的中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷估算

[目的]估算网格化的中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷,以期准确分析中国畜禽养殖废弃物对环境的污染威胁。[方法]基于统计数据进行行政区域的畜禽养殖废弃物氮养分量的估算,并利用面积权重内插法和GIS空间分析技术进行中国耕地畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷估算及网格化研究。[结果]网格化后的畜禽养殖废弃物耕地氮负荷基本保持了以各省区为单元数据的基本特征,不再是以行政边界为划分不同畜禽养殖废弃物氮养分负荷的依据,更接近于实际情况,并以河南省为例进行了验证。[结论]从整体空间分布角度看,2010年中国畜禽养殖废弃物氮负荷量空间分布其高值范围与低值范围的界线近似于中国400mm等降水量线。从各省域空间分布范围分析,氮负荷量高的主要集中在广东省、北京市、四川省及湖南省范围,而蒙古、新疆、西藏及青海这4个区域范围内的氮负荷量都较低。     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by vegetation restoration is the theme of much current research. Since 1999, the program of “Grain for Green”has been implemented in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Its scope represents the largest vegetation restoration activity in China. However, it is still unclear for the SOC sequestration effects of vegetation cover change or natural succession promoted by the revegetation efforts at different scales under the semi-arid conditions. In this study, the changes in SOC stocks due to the vegetation restoration in the middle of Loess Plateau were estimated at patch, hill slope transect and small watershed scale from 1998 to 2006. Soil samples were taken from field for the determination of cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and SOC contents. Vegetation cover change from 1998 to 2006 at the small watershed scale was assessed using Geographic Information System. The results showed that cropland transforming to grassland or shrubland significantly increased SOC at patch scale. Immature woodland, however, has no significant effect. When vegetation cover has no transformation for mature woodland (25 years old), SOC has no significant increase implying that SOC has come to a stable level. At hill slope scale, three typical vegetation cover patterns showed different SOC sequestration effects of 8.6%, 24.6%, and 21.4% from 1998 to 2006, and these SOC increases mainly resulted from revegetation. At the small watershed scale, SOC stocks increased by 19% in the surface soil layer at 0–20 cm soil depth from 1998 to 2006, which was equivalent to an average SOC sequestration rate of 19.92 t C y^− 1 km^− 2. Meanwhile, SOC contents showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with the ¹³⁷Cs inventory at every soil depth interval. This implied significant negative impacts of soil erosion on SOC sequestration. The results have demonstrated general positive effects of vegetation restoration on SOC sequestration at multiple scales. However, soil erosion under rugged topography modified the spatial distribution of the SOC sequestration effects. Therefore, vegetation restoration was proved to be a significant carbon sink, whereas, erosion could be a carbon source in high erosion sensitive regions. This research can contribute to the performance assessment of ecological rehabilitation projects such as “Grain to Green” and the scientific understanding of the impacts of vegetation restoration and soil erosion on soil carbon dynamics in semi-arid environments.     

Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China

Large-scale vegetation restoration in China's Loess Plateau has been initiated by the central government for controlling soil and water losses in the past three decades. However, there is virtually no guidance for plant species selection for the restoration purpose. We investigated the effects of planting trees and shrubs, land-use conversions from croplands to pastures and native grasslands on soil water dynamics and water stresses by using long-term field measurements from 1986 to 1999 in the semi-arid loess hilly area. Our research has led to the following three major findings. Firstly, the amount of soil water storage within a 100 cm depth decreased as measured at both the beginning and the ending point of growing seasons regardless land cover types. The soil water replenishment by rainfall during rainy seasons was not sufficient to fully recharge the soil water storage. Landscape restoration through shrub planting may help retain more soil water than other land cover types. Secondly, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ET) and pan evaporation (PET) generally declined for all land cover types during the study period. Shrub lands had the largest ET/PET ratio, followed by native grassland, cropland/alfalfa, and pine woodland. The ET/PET ratio of native grasslands declined fastest, followed by pine woodlands, shrub lands, alfalfa, and croplands. Pine woodland's low ET/PET ratios were mainly caused by its higher runoff due to soil compaction resulted from soil desiccation. Lastly, we found that the soil water storage at the beginning of growing season was important in determining the ET/PET ratios. This study suggested that pine plantations may not be appropriate for landscape restoration in such a semi-arid loess hilly area while shrubs may be highly recommended.     

黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际细菌结构及多样性

为精确分析黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌群落定殖情况,本研究采用高通量测序方法对刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构及多样性进行了研究。研究表明,根际土壤细菌共有36门214属,非根际土壤细菌共有33门153属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)细菌丰度超过15%,是根际与非根际土壤中的优势菌落。根际与非根际土壤中酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)丰度差异显著。根际土壤中红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)及非根际土壤中红游动菌属、溶杆菌属、链霉菌属、Kaistobacter细菌丰度超过4%。根际土壤中固氮菌丰度显著高于非根际土壤,解磷、解钾细菌丰度差异不显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌Chao丰富度分别为2 054、2 376,差异显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌之间的权重(Weighted Unifrac)距离在0.12~0.25之间。综上所述,黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构具有一定差异,多样性差异显著。     

Vegetation patterns influence on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in a hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

Purpose  

Shifts of microbial biomass and functional diversity under different vegetation patterns can impact the soil processes, and the specific knowledge about this can be used to develop sound vegetation restoration strategies. This study was devoted to examine the effects of different vegetation patterns on microbial biomass and functional diversity and explore the relationship between soil erosion and soil microbial properties under typical erosion conditions of the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China.