农田生态系统分析与农业可持续发展

农田生态系统分析是以农民为中心,由自然科学工作者、社会科学工作者、决策管理人员、土地规划人员和农民共同参与,通过研究农民实际生存的农业自然环境、社会、文化、经济环境,结合考虑农民的意愿与抉择,提出解决农田生态系统问题的一种动态过程与方法,其基本目标是实现中小尺度上的农业可持续发展。农田生态系统分析一般包括５个阶段：问题诊断与分析、研究方案设计与规划、方案验证与评价、结果评价阶段和建议与推广应用。据此,提出适宜于不同农业生态系统的可持续发展方案,为区域乃至国家范围的可持续发展提供决策依据。该文分析了农田生态系统分析的概念、起源、目标、特征和研究过程。     

开发适宜性视角的农业文化遗产地旅游资源评价框架——以浙江省庆元县为例

旅游资源评价是农业文化遗产旅游开发与有效保护的前提,评价结果对于遗产地资源管理与可持续利用具有重要影响。文章基于农业文化遗产旅游资源的开发适宜性视角,从资源要素价值、时间适宜性和空间适宜性3个维度,选取历史文化价值、艺术观赏价值、科学研究价值、自然环境、资源规模潜力、游客舒适度和交通可达性7个层面的15个指标,通过层次分析法和熵值法确定组合权重,运用多因子加权评价模型和GIS空间分析方法,并以浙江省庆元县香菇文化系统为例,对农业文化遗产旅游资源进行评价。结果表明:庆元县农业文化遗产旅游资源开发适宜性空间上总体呈"中间高,四周低"的格局。其中,中部地区的松原镇、五大堡乡、四山乡、贤良镇和百山祖乡的旅游资源优势突出,是开发潜力最大的地区;南部地区的安南乡、举水乡、岭头乡和龙溪乡尽管形成了一定规模的自然旅游资源,但由于交通可达性较差,降低了旅游开发适宜度;东部地区的左溪镇、官塘乡和江根乡可供开发的旅游资源较少,因而旅游开发适宜度不高。从时间分布上看,春末(4月和5月)及秋季(10月)是庆元香菇文化资源旅游开发的最佳时期。为增强南部和东部地区旅游资源开发的适宜度,建议进一步加强该区的交通基础设施建设,提高区域之间的交通通达度;同时,采取多种资源组合的开发方式,增加游客的适游时间。基于开发适宜性视角构建农业文化遗产旅游资源评价框架,可为农业文化遗产地旅游资源价值分析、旅游开发实践提供理论支撑和方法指导。     

黄河上游多民族经济开发区的生态环境建设

黄河上游多民族经济开发区是全国国土总体规划纲要中综合开发重点地区之一。本文分析了该地区的生态、环境现状，指出了目前面临的城市大气污染、局部水体污染、水土流失、土地沙化和盐渍化、矿产资源的破坏等生态环境问题。提出了“边发展经济，边治理环境”的生态环境战略和搞好环境规划，合理工业布局；调整能源结构，改善大气环境；治理污染源，净化水环境；发展生态农、林业、保护土地资源，矿产资源开发与环境保护相结合等生态环境治理措施。     

Water erosion response to rainfall and land use in different drought-level years in a loess hilly area of China

Due to rainfall variation and poor land cover, water erosion in the loess hilly area is severe and experiences high temporal fluctuations, which increase the difficulties of erosion quantification, prediction and control. In this study, 15 runoff plots were implemented in Dingxi, a typical loess hilly area of Gansu Province since 1986. Three typical years representing WY (wet year), NY (normal year) and DY (drought year) were firstly filtered based on the consecutive rainfall-erosion data and an aridity index. Then, water erosion dynamics involving five land uses (cropland, alfalfa, scrubland, woodland and grassland) in the three typical years were analyzed. The following results were found. Firstly, the most severe annual erosion rates did not appear in WY, but in DY. Moreover, the rates in DY were far higher than those in NY and WY. Secondly, although total rain depth and number of events were in the order of WY > NY > DY, mean maximal intensity of erosive rainfall however, was in the order of DY > NY > WY. This finding is important for erosion control. Namely, we cannot judge water erosion degree just from annual rainfall. More attention should be paid to the specific rainfall variables and distributions. Thirdly, different land uses played an important role with sea buckthorn reducing water erosion in contrast to spring wheat cultivated on steep slopes. Lastly, regardless of different drought-level years, only a few number of events with high intensities were responsible for the majority of annual soil and water loss.     

Plant biomass, soil water content and soil N:P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe: A regional scale study

Soil microorganisms are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors at the field plot scale. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community functional diversity at a larger spatial scale. Here we conducted a regional scale study to assess the driving forces governing soil microbial community functional diversity in a temperate steppe of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between soil microbial community properties and environmental variables. The results showed that the functional diversity of soil microbial communities was correlated with aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, soil water content and soil N: P ratio, suggesting that plant biomass, soil water availability and soil N availability were major determinants of soil microbial community functional diversity. Since plant biomass can indicate resource availability, which is mainly constrained by soil water availability and N availability in temperate steppes, we consider that soil microbial community functional diversity was mainly controlled by resource availability in temperate steppes at a regional scale.     

基于农用地作物磷养分需求的畜禽养殖废弃物消纳区域空间划分

[目的]根据区域农用地作物养分需求,从区域空间集聚现象对北京市大兴区进行规模畜禽养殖废弃物消纳区域划分研究,以期为畜禽养殖废弃物的处理和环境污染防治、畜禽养殖场空间布局研究等提供依据。[方法]基于遥感影像获取农用地空间分布特征,利用空间关联指数法进行农用地作物磷养分需求空间聚类分析,并利用GIS空间分析技术,基于养分平衡的角度进行计算分析。[结果]北京市大兴区农用地磷养分需求的空间分布在整体上具有显著的空间正相关性,整个大兴区农用地大部分属于畜禽养殖废弃物消纳一般区域,高区域主要集中在瀛海镇、西红门镇、庞各庄镇和魏善庄镇,低区域主要集中在采育镇和北藏村镇。大兴区8 481个农用地地块被划分成83个区域,其中区域中可消纳畜禽养殖废弃物磷养分平均量、最大量和最小量分别为1.10×105 kg,9.75×105 kg和2.38×103 kg。而大兴区各镇可消纳的畜禽养殖废弃物磷养分量最多和最小分别是庞各庄镇的13.54×106 kg和亦庄镇的9.54×105 kg。[结论]提供了一种较快速的划分畜禽养殖废弃物消纳区域、计算区域畜禽养殖废弃物消纳量及结果可视化表达的方法。     

黄土丘陵区不同降雨格局下土地利用的水土流失效应

研究不同类型降雨事件下土地利用／覆被对水土流失过程的影响，对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。基于14a径流小区观测数据，依据降雨量．降雨历时和最大30min雨强3个指标。利用快速聚类的方法将定西市安家沟内产流性降雨事件划分为3种格局。总体而言，降雨格局2为雨量集中、雨强很高而历时较短的降雨事件的集合；降雨格局3为雨量分散、雨强小而历时很长的一类降雨事件的集合；而降雨格局1则为雨强、历时等特征值都介于格局3和格局2之间的降雨事件的集合体。在此基础上，着重研究了5种土地利用类型在不同降雨格局下的径流侵蚀规律。（1）从静态观点来看，5种土地利用类型抵抗径流侵蚀的能力依次为沙棘〉荒草〉油松〉苜蓿〉小麦。苜蓿地的土壤侵蚀严重。可能跟人为干扰破坏和苜蓿自身生长习性有关。（2）3种降雨格局中，以降雨格局2下各土地利用类型的径流侵蚀最为严重，降雨格局1次之，降雨格局3最弱。即雨量集中、雨强很高而历时较短的降雨类型是影响该地区水土流失的主导因素。（3）多年生植被（如沙棘，油松等）的径流侵蚀有随生长年数增长而减弱的趋势，以生长初期最为严重，随后逐渐减弱并稳定在一个较低的水平上。因而认为，不同土地利用类型下的径流侵蚀不仅取决于该植被类型，更重要的是决定于该植被所处的生长发育阶段。     

重度火烧迹地微地形对土壤微生物特性的影响——以坡度和坡向为例

通过对大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同坡度和坡向的土壤微生物群落进行调查研究,旨在揭示重度火烧迹地过火6a后森林恢复过程土壤微生物群落的变化规律与影响因素。研究结果表明:平地土壤微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)和土壤微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)均高于坡地,其中MBC/MBN达到差异极显著水平。平地土壤微生物的代谢活性AWCD值、对31种4类碳源(糖类、脂类、氨基酸、代谢物)的利用能力和Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H'')均极显著低于坡地。西坡土壤微生物AWCD值和H''高于南坡,但AWCD和H''与土壤养分、pH值、EC无显著相关关系,说明坡向可能与土壤微生物代谢活性和多样性的关系并不密切,反映了两坡向土壤微生物群落结构的相似性。坡度由于影响了土壤养分和水分条件,进而影响了土壤微生物的生物量、群落结构、物种多样性和碳源利用能力。火烧迹地恢复初期平地土壤微生物量碳高于坡地,西坡高于南坡;恢复6a后,土壤微生物量碳的差异已不显著,但土壤微生物群落结构、物种多样性以及代谢特性仍具有显著差异,这可能与地形坡度仍然显著影响土壤水分含量的因素有关。     

三株促生菌及其混合微生物菌剂对莴笋生长和品质的影响

为验证从莴笋根际分离筛选出的菌株GNB6、MGBC3、MGBD1及其混合菌剂对莴笋生长与品质的影响,进而确定不同菌株及混合菌剂的最佳用量,为研制莴笋专用促生菌剂提供依据,文章采用盆栽法,设置不同用量固氮菌A(2、4、6 mL·株^-1)、溶磷菌B(2、4、6 mL·株^-1)、分泌IAA菌C(2、4、6 mL·株^-1)、混合微生物菌剂D(2、4、6 mL·株^-1),及清水对照(CK)共计13个处理。结果表明:相同施肥条件下,添加适宜用量的单一和混合微生物菌剂能显著促进莴笋生长、提高莴笋的营养品质,并且可有效促进莴笋叶片花青素的积累,同时显著降低莴笋茎中亚硝酸盐的含量,其中,D3处理表现最好,较CK处理茎粗和单株鲜重分别增加24.71%和55.67%,茎和叶可溶性蛋白含量分别增加83.49%和139.46%,茎和叶可溶性糖含量增加51.28%和29.19%,茎和叶V_C含量增加88.89%和13.57%,茎中亚硝酸盐含量降低了1.47%,叶片花青素含量提高53.63%。通过主成分分析可知,各处理组综合得分由高到低为:D3>B1>C2>B2>D2>A2>D1>C3>A1>A3>B3>C1>CK。综合分析发现,每种菌剂促生效果最适宜用量分别是A2(4 mL·株^-1)、B1(2 mL·株^-1)、C2(4 mL·株^-1)、D3(6 mL·株^-1),其中混合微生物菌剂D3(6 mL·株^-1)对促进莴笋生长和改善品质的效果最佳。     

Multifractal characteristics of soil particle size distribution under different land-use types on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is one of the most important physical attributes due to its great influence on soil properties related to water movement, productivity, and soil erosion. The multifractal measures were useful tools in characterization of PSD in soils with different taxonomies. Land-use type largely influences PSD in a soil, but information on how this occurs for different land-use types is very limited. In this paper, multifractal Rényi dimension was applied to characterize PSD in soils with the same taxonomy and different land-use types. The effects of land use on the multifractal parameters were then analyzed. The study was conducted on the hilly-gullied regions of the Loess Plateau, China. A Calcic Cambisols soil was sampled from five land-use types: woodland, shrub land, grassland, terrace farmland and abandoned slope farmland with planted trees (ASFP). The result showed that: (1) entropy dimension (D₁) and entropy dimension/capacity dimension ratio (D₁/D₀) were significantly positively correlated with finer particle content and soil organic matter. (2) D₀, D₁ and D₁/D₀ were significantly influenced by land use. Land use could explain 24.6–58.5% of variability of D₀, D₁/D₀ and D₁, which may be potential parameters to reflect soil physical properties and soil quality influenced by land use.