基于差分GPS技术的淤地坝泥沙淤积量估算

淤地坝是黄土高原水土流失治理中的一项重要措施。但是早期建设的淤地坝缺乏监测资料,对现已淤满坝地拦截泥沙量的估算成为当前研究中的一个难点问题。该文选取延安宝塔区羊圈沟小流域1979年修建的淤地坝为研究对象,采用高精度差分GPS技术,测量坝地淤积面平均高程和淤地面积,结合1977年1︰10 000地形图,建立高程—面积/淤积量曲线,得出羊圈沟淤地坝淤积泥沙方量为155 849.2 m3,并通过计算得到建坝至淤满期内（1979－2004年）年平均土壤侵蚀模数4 052.1 t·km-2·a-1,属于中度侵蚀。差分GPS技术的应用为准确估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量提供了技术支撑,可以弥补历史上侵蚀产沙数据,而且对定量评价水土流失及其治理效益提供了依据。     

生态系统服务多样性与景观多功能性——从科学理念到综合评估

生态系统和景观是构成地球表层系统的基本功能单元.从对人类生存和发展支撑作用以及人类对环境合理利用和保护的角度,逐渐形成了生态系统服务和多功能景观的科学概念,相关的理论和应用研究也很快成为学术热点.但是从国内外主要进展上看,生态系统服务和景观多功能性的定量化研究都还比较薄弱.生态系统与景观具有等级关联性,前者是构成后者的基本要素,生态系统服务和景观功能具有同源性.因此,将生态系统服务与景观多功能性研究紧密结合既有现实基础又能够深化彼此研究的定量化水平,并进一步提出了生态系统服务与景观多功能性综合定量研究的整体性框架.从当前国内外研究文献看,该框架具有可行性,可以作为进一步深化生态系统服务和景观多功能性研究的现实途径.     

Establishment of a comprehensive indicator system for the assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Context

Common indicators are needed to monitor biodiversity loss and the implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services (ES). A plethora of different sets of indicators may hinder the identification of major endpoints for large-scale assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES).

Objectives

We aim to describe the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and provide suggestions for establishing a comprehensive indicator system.

Methods

An extensive literature review was conducted in this study. We review the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and propose corresponding improvements from our perspectives of theory and practical applications.

Results

The main theoretical challenges of existing indicators include inconsistent definitions and classifications of ES, misunderstanding of linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem structure, functions and services, and practical problems relate to such issues as indicator representativeness, data availability, and uncertainty. Our suggested improvements include clarifying the main terms, concepts and classification of indicators, establishing a robust conceptual framework with clear interactions among different components and indicators, selecting indicators based on ecosystem properties, streaming existing data into one platform, and strengthening validation of proxies. The steps for constructing a comprehensive indicator system for BES assessment are summarized.

Conclusions

Clear definitions of key terms are indispensable to classify indicators and construct a conceptual framework. Improved understanding of the relations among indicators of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ES across multiple scales can guide the development of the indicator system. The integrated indicator system is an important tool for BES assessment to support decision making for sustainable development.

     

Temporal Variations of Flow–sediment Relationships in a Highly Erodible Catchment of the Loess Plateau,China

The flow–sediment relationship is important to understand the soil erosion and land degradation processes in severe eroded areas. This study researches on variations of streamflow, sediment load, and flow–sediment relationship on multi‐temporal scales (annual, flood season and, monthly scales) in a highly erodible catchment of Chinese Loess Plateau. The results demonstrated that the streamflow, sediment load, sediment concentration, runoff coefficient, and sediment coefficient all experienced evident reductions, and the decrease in the middle and downstream stations was more significant compared with the upstream stations. The land use changes and implementation of soil and water conservation measures played major role for the streamflow and sediment load reductions with respect to precipitation change, and the runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient linearly decreased with the percentage of conservation measure area. The runoff‐sediment yield relationship on annual, flood season, and monthly scales could be generally characterized by the linear function, and the slopes during the post‐change period was lower than those during the pre‐change period of sediment load. The sediment concentration–streamflow discharge relationship represented consistent form over the entire study period, and the logarithmic function was appropriate to describe the relationships on the three timescales. The decrease of sediment concentration contributed greatest (60·7%) to sediment reduction compared with runoff productivity of rainfall (30·2%) and precipitation (9·1%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区不同坡度、土地利用类型与降水变化的水土流失分异

 为了确定不同坡度、土地利用类型及降水参数对水土流失的影响,通过黄土丘陵区坡耕地、草地的3个坡度(10°,15°和20°)小区连续14年的径流、侵蚀观测数据,分析不同坡度、土地利用模式和降水变化的水土流失分异。试验结果表明:1)坡耕地水土流失量随坡度的升高而增加,20°小区显著大于10°和15°小区;草坡地小区的年水土流失量也随坡度变化,不同坡度小区之间没有显著性差异。2)坡耕地与草地的水土流失量具有显著性差异,坡耕地年均径流量和侵蚀量分别为草地的1．8倍和13．9倍,与草地比较,坡耕地明显地增加水土流失风险。3)不同土地类型水土流失模数受年降水变化的影响效应不同。坡耕地水土流失量受少数强降水控制,年径流量、侵蚀量与年降水量、产流降水量之间无显著性相关;草地的年径流量、侵蚀量分别与年产流降水量、年降水量显著相关。4)坡耕地的水土流失受降水量(P)、最大30min降水强度(I30)和综合降水指数(PI30)的显著影响,但各因素的决定系数不同,影响系数次序为PI30>I30>P。草地的径流与降水变量关系与坡耕地一致,但次侵蚀量仅与I30变化的显著性影响,而与P、PI30无显著性相关。草地的水土流失量受坡度差异以及降水变化的影响较弱,表明草地能够有效地控制水土流失,对荒坡草地采取保护措施以促进植被、土壤的进展恢复。坡耕地水土流失变化与坡度、降水变量的关系更为直接,通过降低坡度、休耕和免耕等耕作模式,减少土壤扰动和增加地面植被盖度,可有效减少水土流失。     

AM真菌和磷对小马安羊蹄甲幼苗生长的影响

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在退化生态系统恢复与重建实践中具有重要作用。采用盆栽模拟方法,重点分析不同土壤磷条件下小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi)幼苗接种AM真菌后,幼苗的形态、生物量积累、菌根侵染率和菌根效应(mycorrhizal growth response, MGR)在一个生长季内的动态变化。结果表明,Glomus mosseae和 Glomus coronatum能较好地侵染幼苗,两种AM真菌显著地增加幼苗根系、叶片数和生物量;接种AM真菌显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,而土壤磷对幼苗的生物量分配影响不明显,AM真菌和土壤磷对幼苗生长的交互作用显著;G. mosseae是小马鞍羊蹄甲的优势AM菌,其接种的幼苗根长、叶片数、生物量、侵染率和菌根效应都显著高于G. coronatum处理的幼苗;菌根效应显著,接种AM真菌能有缓解土壤磷素缺乏的限制作用,且随着苗龄增大促生作用表现更为明显。不同AM菌种对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的促生作用表现出的差异,提示在多元资源限制的干旱贫瘠环境中进行生物修复须为目标恢复物种筛选出高效的优势AM真菌。     

钙果采摘装置技术参数的试验研究

为实现钙果的机械化采摘,根据钙果果实的生长特性及种植方式,设计了一种钙果采摘机。该机构利用旋转的钢丝碰撞果实进行脱果,通过调整双摘果辊轴心距,可适应不同形状和尺寸钙果的采摘。为确定机构的最佳工作参数,在分析机构特点和工作原理的基础上,对研制的样机进行了三因素混合的正交试验研究。根据因素的不同搭配对摘不净率的综合影响效果,得到各指标的最佳参数:摘果辊直径140mm,转速300r·min-1,进给速度80mm·s-1。研究结果可为钙果采摘装置的后续优化设计与改进提供重要的依据和技术基础。