Integrating ecosystem service supply and demand into ecological risk assessment: a comprehensive framework and case study

Landscape Ecology - Human beings face a growing supply–demand risk in ecosystem services (SDRES) due to anthropogenic environmental change and human activity. It is urgent to construct an...     

Establishment of a comprehensive indicator system for the assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Context

Common indicators are needed to monitor biodiversity loss and the implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services (ES). A plethora of different sets of indicators may hinder the identification of major endpoints for large-scale assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES).

Objectives

We aim to describe the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and provide suggestions for establishing a comprehensive indicator system.

Methods

An extensive literature review was conducted in this study. We review the main challenges of indicators for BES assessment and propose corresponding improvements from our perspectives of theory and practical applications.

Results

The main theoretical challenges of existing indicators include inconsistent definitions and classifications of ES, misunderstanding of linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem structure, functions and services, and practical problems relate to such issues as indicator representativeness, data availability, and uncertainty. Our suggested improvements include clarifying the main terms, concepts and classification of indicators, establishing a robust conceptual framework with clear interactions among different components and indicators, selecting indicators based on ecosystem properties, streaming existing data into one platform, and strengthening validation of proxies. The steps for constructing a comprehensive indicator system for BES assessment are summarized.

Conclusions

Clear definitions of key terms are indispensable to classify indicators and construct a conceptual framework. Improved understanding of the relations among indicators of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ES across multiple scales can guide the development of the indicator system. The integrated indicator system is an important tool for BES assessment to support decision making for sustainable development.

     

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme (Global-DEP): Australasian consultation report

Journal of Soils and Sediments -     

禽蛋自动控温摊床温水孵化新技术及其应用

采用自动控温仪摊床温水孵化蛋４批，其结果是受旧平均孵化率达９１．５６％，其中最高达９２．９９％，平均健雏率达９７．０１％，均已达到 了目前报宾国产优质电孵化器的孵化水平。该方法是对传统化法的改进，但其规模远远超过了传统方法。与电孵化器相比，仅孵化效果相当，而且还具有规模可任意调控、造价低廉、操作方便、节能、雏禽成活率高等优点。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in saline soil in the Hai River Basin,China

Background and Objectives  

Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻-N) accumulation is related closely to NO₃ ⁻ leaching, which is an important issue in groundwater pollution, especially in intensive agricultural areas with saline soils where volumes of water are used in irrigation to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone. However, in the saline environment in Hai River Basin, China, the importance of detailed research into NO₃ ⁻-N distribution in the root zone has not been adequately recognized. Considering the impacts of eco-environmental system N and crop production, the present study aimed at contributing to an understanding of the effects of N application rate on soil NO₃ ⁻-N distribution, NO₃ ⁻-N residue, N loss, and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in this region.     

基于环境相关法和地统计学的土壤属性空间分布预测

土壤属性是土壤质量的重要决定因素,并强烈影响土地利用和生态过程。正确理解并充分考虑土壤空间变异,对于在景观尺度上建立生态、环境过程模型是必不可少的。在黄土高原横山县采集了254个样点,应用数字地形与遥感影像分析技术,获取相关地形因子与遥感指数,分析土壤属性（土壤容重、有机质和全磷）与环境因子相互关系,并利用环境变量进行空间预测。结果表明,土壤容重、有机质与地形因子和遥感指数之间存在较好相关性,而全磷与地形因子相关性不大;多元线性逐步回归模型对于土壤容重和有机质拟合较好,而对于全磷,预测结果较差;回归－克里格预测有效地减小了残差,消除了平滑效应,与实测值较为接近。     

结合分数阶微分和异常值识别的土壤有机质高光谱反演研究

【目的 】结合分数阶微分和异常值识别,提高土壤有机质模型反演精度,实现土壤有机质含量的快速、准确估计。【方法 】文章以吉林省伊通县黑土区为研究区,基于实地采集的213个土壤样本和HyMap-C机载高光谱传感器获取高光谱影像,选择S-G函数和分数阶微分进行光谱预处理,竞争性自适应重加权采样（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS）提取特征波段建立土壤有机质含量偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）反演模型,并使用蒙特卡洛交叉验证（Monte Carlo Cross-Validation,MCCV）进行异常值识别。【结果 】（1）将分数阶微分用于机载高光谱可以放大光谱特征,阶数越高、特征越明显,低阶分数微分对噪音不敏感;（2） CARS方法能有效压缩光谱信息;全样本建模中0.4阶分数阶微分CARS-PLSR建模表现较优,但总体精度仍然不高;（3）使用MCCV剔除异常值后,0.6阶分数阶微分CARS-PLSR建立的土壤有机质含量反演模型精度最高,训练集和测试集的均方误差分别为0.219%...