Multi-scale study of bird species distribution and of their response to vegetation change: a Mediterranean example

Land use changes operate at different scales. They trigger a cascade of effects that simultaneously modify the composition or structure of the landscape and of the local vegetation. Mobil animals, and birds in particular, can respond quickly to such multi-scalar changes. We took advantage of a long term study on the response of songbirds to land-use changes on four Mediterranean islands in Corsica and Sardinia to explore the benefits of a multi-scale analysis of the relationships between songbird distribution, vegetation structure and landscape dynamics. Field data and aerial photographs were used to describe the vegetation at three different scales. Birds were censused by point counts. We used statistical variance decomposition to study how bird distribution and vegetation at various scales were linked. We analysed multi-scale vegetation changes (floristic composition, plot vegetation type, and landscape structure) and their consequences on bird distribution with multivariate and non-parametrical tests. The distribution of most species was linked to at least two spatial scales. The weight of a given scale was consistent with life-history traits for species whose biology was well-known. In the examples studied, vegetation composition, vegetation type and landscape changes that resulted from land abandonment negatively affected birds depending on open or heterogeneous areas. Our results emphasize that multi-scale analyses can greatly enhance our understanding of bird distribution and of their changes. Management of these populations should take into account measures at various spatial scales depending on the sensitivity of the species.     

Response of snails and slugs to fragmentation of lowland forests in NW Germany

Habitat fragmentation is a major cause for species loss, but its effect on invertebrates with low active dispersal power, like terrestrial gastropods, has rarely been studied. Such species can not cross a hostile habitat matrix, for which the predictions of island theory, such as positive relations between species richness and patch size, should apply. In order to test this prediction, we studied gastropod species diversity by assessing gastropod assemblage characteristics from 35 sites in 19 fragments of deciduous old-growth forests in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. Assemblages differed between larger (≥700 ha) and smaller forests (<400 ha), those of large forests held a higher percentage of forest species. Although α-diversity was similar between the two forest size classes, small forests often comprised matrix species, resulting in a higher β-diversity. Edge effects on the species richness of matrix species were noticeable up to 250 m into the forest. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that distance to disturbances (external edge, internal edges like roads) explained most assemblage variables, whereas forest size and woodland cover within a 1 km radius from the sites explained only a few assemblage variables. Densities of two forest-associated species, Discus rotundatus and Arion fuscus, decreased with forest size. Yet, forest size was positively correlated with richness of typical forest species and densities of Limax cinereoniger. The latter species seems to need forests of >1,000 ha, i.e., well above the size of most fragments. In conclusion, the prediction is valid only for forest species. The response to fragmentation is species specific and seems to depend on habitat specialization and macroclimatic conditions. Jean-Pierre Maelfait: Deceased.     

Tracking fungi in soil with monoclonal antibodies

Species of the genus Trichoderma are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that exhibit antagonism towards a number of economically important plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. This review discusses recent developments in the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect these fungi in their natural soil environments and to quantify their population dynamics during antagonistic interactions with saprotrophic competitors in soil-based systems. Immunological approaches to detection and quantification are examined in relation to conventional plate enrichment techniques and to nucleic acid-based procedures. An example of recent research using a mAb-based assay to quantify the effects of saprotrophic competition on the growth of Trichoderma isolates in mixed species, soil-based, microcosms is presented. Future technological developments in immunoassays for tracking Trichoderma populations in soil are discussed and results presented showing the accurate detection and visualization of a plant growth-promoting isolate of T. hamatum in the rhizosphere of lettuce using mAb-based immunodiagnostic assays.     

我国农技推广高效协同创新研究——基于机制视角

农业技术推广是农业科技成果转化为现实生产力的关键环节,新时期推动农业农村高质量发展对传统农技推广模式的转型升级提出迫切要求,农业重大技术协同推广计划试点的实施探索了新机制,为打通"农业科技最后一公里"、助力乡村全面振兴开辟了新路径.基于对吉林、江西、湖北、内蒙古、江苏、浙江、广西和四川等8个试点省份的广泛调研,分析梳理...     

施肥对苜蓿阿尔冈金鲜草产量及营养成分的影响

为建植高产优质苜蓿草地提供科学依据,2003年在内蒙古西辽河平原灰色草甸土上,采用"3414"二次回归最优设计试验方案,研究N、P、K肥配施对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)阿尔冈金当年鲜草产量和茜养成分的影响,结果表明:施N 3.37 kg/hm2,施P2O5 55.61 kg/hm2,施K20 256.63 kg/hm2时可获得鲜草最高产量77 944 kg/hm2.14个处理组合中,初花期以处理8(N2P2K0)、处理10(N2P2K3)粗蛋白的含量高;初花期的粗纤维含量小于25.O%的处理组合是处理7(N2P3K2)、处理8(N2P2K0),均达到国家一级标准[1];初花期粗灰分含量处理8(N2P2K0)最低;此项研究可为通辽地区种植阿尔冈金提供合理的施肥方案.在增产的基础上获得优质牧草.     

杨小舟蛾产卵行为对2种黑杨派无性系叶片的营养物质及抗性物质的影响

目的 以2种黑杨派无性系为研究对象,观察杨小舟蛾产卵后产卵植株和邻近植株对幼虫生长的影响并测定各处理叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的含量变化,探讨2种黑杨派无性系在杨小舟蛾产卵后是否产生诱导抗性。 方法 杨小舟蛾在欧美杨108号（108杨）和欧美杨111号（111杨）产卵后,观察幼虫取食产卵植株、邻近植株和对照植株叶片的存活状况,再分别测定3种处理叶片的可溶性糖、全N、游离氨基酸、单宁和总酚5个指标的含量变化,研究2种黑杨派无性系诱导抗性的产生情况。 结果 取食2种黑杨派无性系3种处理叶片的幼虫存活率均差异不显著。108杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的可溶性总糖含量均显著低于对照;111杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的二糖和全N含量均显著低于对照植株,且产卵植株的游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照,同时,108杨邻近植株的游离氨基酸总量显著高于产卵植株和对照;111杨的产卵和邻近植株的总糖/全N值都显著高于对照。108杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照,而邻近植株的二者含量与对照差异不显著。111杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照;同时邻近植株的单宁含量显著高于对照,而总酚含量与对照差异不显著。 结论 杨小舟蛾产卵使2种黑杨派无性系的产卵植株和邻近植株的营养物质含量都发生改变并且次生代谢物质含量不同程度增加。所以,2种黑杨派无性系的产卵和邻近植株都产生了一定的诱导抗虫性。     

小田块变量施肥系统优化设计与应用

针对苏南地区推广变量施肥存在的施肥策略过于精细化导致高密度土壤信息不易获取和普通的施肥机械难以达到播量精度等主要技术障碍,该文建立了一种简单实用的变量施肥方案,在现有机械式播种施肥机基础上进行了自动化改造,构建了一套基于简易电子处方图系统的变量施肥系统;变量施肥作业时,以单个自然田块为处理单元,依托所建立的简单实用的电子处方图系统,实现多种肥料按需配比、同一田块均匀施肥、不同田块变量施肥的功能。为提高播量精度和播量稳定性,对普通精度GPS模块的数据进行了差分和卡尔曼滤波处理,对外槽轮施肥播种器结构进行了优化设计。田间试验结果表明：电子处方图运行结果准确,施肥播种机工作稳定,种子和肥料的最大和平均播量误差分别为3.91%和2.09%,最大和平均动态误差分别为4.52%和1.48%。该研究可为苏南小田块地区推广变量施肥提供技术参考。     

海巴戟ISSR遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR分子标记对202份海巴戟种质材料进行遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明：13条ISSR引物共扩增出65个位点,每个引物平均扩增出5个位点,其中多态性位点63个,占总数的9692%。在相似系数为063时,202份海巴戟种质分为5个类,表现出一定的地域分布规律。检测到有效等位基因数 Ne=16042,基因多样性 H=03488 ,Shannon′s信息指数 I=05206,说明202份海巴戟种质间存在着较高的遗传多样性。     

基于转录组的疏花软紫草低拷贝核基因引物开发

基于高通量的转录组测序,为大量并快速的开发分子标记提供契机。本研究对紫草科植物疏花软紫草进行转录组测序,共得到92042086条reads,从疏花软紫草158446个Unigene中搜索到332个低拷贝核基因。为进行多态性验证,从中随机挑选30个设计引物,并对3个疏花软紫草种群共9个个体进行PCR扩增,结果发现其中16对引物能够扩增出单一稳定的目的条带,从中随机挑选7个片段进行群体测序并计算DNA多态性。结果表明,7对引物的多态性位点平均值为657,单倍型平均值为514,单倍型多态性 （HD） 在0389~0944之间,核苷酸多态性 （Pi） 为000148~001723。通过转录组测序技术开发的低拷贝核基因有较高的多态性,且可以有效地运用于群体遗传学和谱系地理学研究中。另外,这些低拷贝核基因能够被运用于软紫草属植物系统发育重建以及物种形成等研究工作中。     

大戟科植物MVK基因家族的全基因组鉴定与分析

基于已公布的基因组和EST数据,对蓖麻、麻疯树、木薯和橡胶树4种大戟科植物的MVK基因家族进行系统鉴定,并在此基础上分析其基因结构与进化关系。结果表明,这4种植物均含有2个MVK基因,所有基因均含有4个内含子。同源分析表明,MVK广泛存在于各种古细菌、真细菌和真核生物中,显示出较早的起源;虽然MVK在大多数基因组已测序的物种中主要以单拷贝的形式存在,但在所研究的4种大戟科植物中均出现了基因加倍现象,这与玉米和杨树类似。基因表达谱分析显示,在蓖麻的叶片、花、II/III期胚乳、V/VI期胚乳和种子等组织中,RcMVK1的表达丰度总体高于RcMVK2;虽然2个基因表达丰度最高的组织均为II/III期胚乳,但丰度最低的组织却分别为种子和叶片。