Relative contribution of wheat flour constituents to Solvent Retention Capacity profiles of European wheats

Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) tests have originally been designed to predict flour functionality of North American wheat flours. A SRC profile consists of its Water Retention Capacity (WRC), Sodium Carbonate SRC (SCSRC), Sucrose SRC (SuSRC) and Lactic Acid SRC (LASRC) values. As the value of such tests when considering European wheat flours is rather unclear, we studied the chemical composition and SRC profiles of nineteen commercial European wheat flours. Their WRC, SCSRC, SuSRC and LASRC ranged from 56 to 66%, 74 to 88%, 90 to 102% and 106 to 147%, respectively. Both WRC and SCSRC were mostly higher than those of North American soft wheat flours, but in the range of those of North American hard wheat flours. For the entire set of European flours, strong linear relations were observed between the flour damaged starch levels and WRC values, as well as with SCSRC values. Modifying specific flour constituent properties and levels illustrated the contribution of proteins, damaged starch and arabinoxylan (AX) to the SRC values. Flour proteins, especially glutenins, mainly contributed to LASRC, while damaged starch largely impacted flour SCSRC. Water-extractable AX only contributed to the SuSRC values, whereas the solvent-accessible AX generally contributed to all SRC values, and particularly to the SuSRC values.     

Effects of an anthelmintic treatment programme on sheep productivity in the Middle Atlas,Morocco

Summary This study evaluated the production advantages of the strategic anthelmintic treatment of both lambs and ewes in an area endemic for gastro-intestinal nematodes, lungworms and liver flukes. The liver fluke infections were generally chronic. The lambs were treated with albendazole (SmithKline Beecham), fenbendazole (Hoechst Roussel) or a vitamin supplement and their weight gains were followed over the next 7 months. The control group, which received a vitamin supplement only, gained 6·67 kg from July to January. The group that received fenbendazole, an anthelmintic with no activity against liver flukes, gained 10·42 kg over the study period. The third group which received albendazole, an anthelmintic with efficacy against liver flukes, gained 13·07 kg over the same period. Lamb deaths apparently due to liver flukes were 12, 4, and zero for the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. Similar advantages were observed in the ewes. Deaths were 16, 8, and zero in the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. The lambing rate in the control groupswas significantly lower than that in either of the 2 treated groups. The number of services per conception was significantly lower in the albendazole treated group than that in either of the other groups. These studies demonstrated the advantages of anthelmintic treatment in sheep in a helminth endemic area. While removing gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms improved production, the additional removal of liver flukes enhanced production gains as well as reducing deaths.

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Resumen Este estudio evaluó las ventajas de un tratamiento estratégico en corderos y ovejas en un área endémica de parásitos gastrointestinales, pulmonares y hepáticos. La infección con fasciola era crónica. Los corderos fueron tratados con albendazole (Smithkline Beecham), fenbendazole (Hoechst Roussel) o un suplemento vitamínico; el peso fue consignado durante 7 meses seguidos. El grupo control que recibió el suplemento vitamínico, ganó 6·67 kg desde julio hasta enero. El grupo que recibió fenbendazole, antihelmíntico sin acción contra la fasciola, ganó 10·42 kg durante el período de estudio. El tercer grupo que recibió albendazole, un antihelmíntico eficaz contra la fascioliasis, ganó 13·7 kg durante el mismo período. La mortalidad de los corderos aparentemente debida a fascioliasis fue de 12 animales, 4 animales y cero animales, en el grupo control, en el tratado con fenbendazole y en el tratado con albendazole, respectivamente. En ovéjas, las ventajas fueron similares. La mortalidad por fascioliasis fue de 16 animales, 8 animales y cero animales, en el grupo control, en el tratado con fenbendazole y en el tratado con albendazole, respectivamente. La tasa de pariciones en el grupo control, fue significativamente más baja, que aquella de los grupos tratados. El número de servicios por concepción fue menor en el grupo tratado con albendazole. Estos estudios demostraron, la ventaja de los tratamientos antihelmínticos en ovejas en áreas endémicas. Mientras que el tratamiento contra parásitos gastrointestinales y pulmonares mejoró la producción, el tratamiento contra fasciola mejoró las ganancias de peso y redujo las muertes.

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Résumé Cette étude évalue les avantages en matière de production d’une stratégie de traitements anthelminthiques des brebis et des agneaux dans une zone endémique pour les nématodes gastro-intestinaux, les Fasciola et les strongles pulmonaires. Les infections à Fasciola ont généralement un caractère chronique. Les agneaux ont été traités soit à l’albendazole (SmithKline, Beecham) ou au fenbendazole (Hoechst Roussel) ou avec un complément vitaminé. Leur gain de poids ont été suivis pendant les sept mois suivants. Le groupe des témoins qui n’a re?u qu’un complément vitaminé a gagné 6,67 kg de juillet à janvier. Celui traité au fenbendazole, anthelminthique dépourvu d’activité contre les douves a progressé de 10,42 kg pendant la période d’étude. Le troisième groupe a été traité à l’albendazole, produit actif contre les Fasciola. Il a gagné quant à lui 13,07 kg au cours du même laps de temps. La mortalité des agneaux, due apparemment aux douves a été pour les groupes témoins et fenbendazole et albendazole respectivement de 12,4 et zéro. Des avantages identiques ont été observés pour les brebis dont la mortalité a été de 16,8 et zéro respectivement pour les lots témoins et fenbendazole et albendazole. Le taux d’agnelage dans le groupe témoin a été significativement plus bas que celui de l’un et de l’autre des deux groupes traités. Le nombre d’accouplements par conception était significativement plus bas dans le lot traité à l’albendazole que dans n’importe lequel des autres lots. Ces facteurs confirment les avantages d’un traitement anthelminthique chez les ovins vivants dans une région de parasitisme endémique. Tandis que la production est améliorée par la suppression des nématodes gastro-intestinaux et des strongles pulmonaires, la disparition complémentaire des douves accro?t les gains de production au même titre qu’elle réduit la mortalité.

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This work was supported in part by the International Foundation for Science (Stockholm).     

Formation of electron holes and particle energization during magnetic reconnection

Three-dimensional particle simulations of magnetic reconnection reveal the development of turbulence driven by intense electron beams that form near the magnetic x-line and separatrices. The turbulence collapses into localized three-dimensional nonlinear structures in which the electron density is depleted. The predicted structure of these electron holes compares favorably with satellite observations at Earth's magnetopause. The birth and death of these electron holes and their associated intense electric fields lead to strong electron scattering and energization, whose understanding is critical to explaining why magnetic explosions in space release energy so quickly and produce such a large number of energetic electrons.     

Foaming properties of wheat gliadin

We studied gliadin solubility, surface tension and foam behavior, and the presence of different gliadin types in gliadin aqueous solutions and foams as a function of pH. Gliadin has excellent foaming properties only at neutral and alkaline pH. Its solubility is minimal near neutral pH, while almost complete at acidic and alkaline pH. Surface tensions of gliadin solutions are minimal around neutral pH, higher at alkaline pH, and highest at acidic pH, which corresponds well with their respective foaming properties. Foams at acidic and alkaline pH values are enriched in γ-gliadin, while foams at pH 8.0 have a similar distribution of α- and γ-gliadins. Thus, γ-gliadin predominantly contributes to the foaming properties of gliadin. The poor foaming properties of gliadin at pH 2.0 improve in the presence of 0.25 and 1.0% NaCl. It follows that the presence of positively charged amino acid residues hinders the formation of stable foam at acidic pH.     

Kinetics of heat-induced polymerization of gliadin

The kinetics of heat-induced polymerization of gliadin, that is, a mixture of monomeric wheat storage proteins, was studied using a model system. Samples were heated at pH 6.0 and 8.0 at 110, 120, and 130 °C for up to 240 min, and their extractabilities were compared under nonreducing and reducing (with 1% dithiothreitol) conditions. Extraction media were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) containing buffer (pH 6.8, SDS buffer) and/or 70% ethanol. Gliadin cross-linking mainly resulted from intermolecular disulfide (SS) bond formation. At higher temperatures and, preferably, alkaline pH, intramolecular SS bonds in gliadin underwent β-elimination reactions, leading to the formation of dehydroalanine (DHA) and free sulfhydryl (SH) groups. The latter interchanged rapidly with SS bonds, leading to intermolecular SS bonds and gliadin extractability loss. When free SH groups had been formed, gliadin extractability in SDS buffer decreased following first-order reaction kinetics, the reaction rate constant of which increased with temperature and pH. Furthermore, the extractabilities of α- and γ-gliadin in 70% ethanol decreased according to first-order reaction kinetics. ω-Gliadin extractability was much less affected. Under the experimental conditions, gliadin polymerization through SH-SS interchange occurred much more rapidly than β-elimination of cystine.     

Chemical and biological microstructures as probed by dynamic processes

The dynamic process of electronic energy transfer is shown to be an important tool for probing the microstructure of molecular systems, particularly those in which donors and acceptors occupy specifically labeled sites of spatially confining host matrices. Special attention is given to analyzing the temporal behavior of the direct energy transfer reaction for systems in which the dipolar coupling is between a donor and randomly distributed acceptors. This dynamic process is dependent on two competing lengths when the donor and acceptor distribution is determined by the microstructure of the confining system: Rp, the dominant length characterizing the size of the confinement, and R0, which scales the strength of the dipolar coupling. When energy transfer processes are viewed in the context of these two competing lengths, a picture emerges of the microstructure of the confinement that is consistent with and corroborated by other structural probes.     

The cretaceous-tertiary transition

The fossil sequences from cores across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary show a, range of transition times and transition time intervals depending on the fossil indicators and the location of the site. These variations, together with the pattern of iridium distribution with depth at some sites, differences in total amounts of iridium, variations in noble metal abundances normalized to extraterrestrial concentrations, the depositional effects that might be expected in a reducing environment, and the clay mineralogy of the boundary layer clays, put into question the interpretation that an extraterrestrial event was the cause of the faunal changes and the iridium anomaly in the vicinity of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. It seems more likely that an explanation for the changes during the transition will come from continued examination of the great variety of terrestrial events that took place at that time, including extensive volcanism, major regression of the sea from the land, geochemical changes, and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes.     

CO2 snow depth and subsurface water-ice abundance in the northern hemisphere of Mars

Observations of seasonal variations of neutron flux from the high-energy neutron detector (HEND) on Mars Odyssey combined with direct measurements of the thickness of condensed carbon dioxide by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on Mars Global Surveyor show a latitudinal dependence of northern winter deposition of carbon dioxide. The observations are also consistent with a shallow substrate consisting of a layer with water ice overlain by a layer of drier soil. The lower ice-rich layer contains between 50 and 75 weight % water, indicating that the shallow subsurface at northern polar latitudes on Mars is even more water rich than that in the south.