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161.
Bernhard Wolfslehner Franka Brüchert Janine Fischbach Werner Rammer Gero Becker Marcus Lindner Manfred J. Lexer 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(1):47-56
Sustainability impact assessment (SIA) is a prospective, integrated assessment approach for potential impacts of policy actions.
Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) can be used to facilitate a multi-indicator evaluation in this framework in order to foster
rational and transparent decision-making processes for SIA. Based on the outputs of the EFORWOOD project, this paper presents
an exploratory MCA to a regional forest-wood chain (FWC) in Baden–Württemberg. This assessment is based on a set of sustainability
indicators at process level for a baseline year 2005, reference futures ‘A1’ and ‘B2’ following the definition of the IPCC
and a bio-energy scenario implanted into the reference future ‘A1’. The indicator values were calculated by the process tool
ToSIA. It is demonstrated how time steps for parts of the regional FWC (forest management, harvest and transport to the mill
gate) can be evaluated, as well as the outcomes of different scenarios for a time period. For this purpose, a novel software
tool, ToSIA-MCA, is used to calculate relative sustainability impact rating (SIR) based on a PROMETHEE II algorithm. Further,
we performed uncertainty analysis to test the stability of ranking results in the absence of real preference information with
regard to uncertainty in indicator data. By comparing different indicator weighting patterns, the sensitivity of SIR calculation
was further tested. The exploratory MCA outcomes are critically evaluated against the background of assumptions, and data
used in the regional case, and an outlook is given on the importance to gain stronger stakeholder involvement in real-life
applications. 相似文献
162.
Multifunctional forestry in Germany is characterized by long production periods and highly complex biological–technical processes. Therefore forest enterprises are complex systems, which are closely intertwined with their economic environment. To ensure their economic success, forest enterprises and forest policies need to take the economic development into consideration. The cost accounting scheme of the German Forestry Council provides a basis for management accounting in multifunctional forest enterprises and distinguishes five different production areas whereby intercompany comparisons of different kinds of ownership in forest accountancy networks (FANs) are possible. Results from such a FAN are used to illustrate the economic situation and long-term development of a panel of private forest enterprises. As well these data can support decision-making processes of individual enterprises, forest economic analyses and consultation in forest policy analyses. 相似文献
163.
Key message
The concept of expected losses is an appropriate measure for integrating risk in the determination of the optimal rotation period and choice of tree species.Context
Natural threats are challenging forest management decisions. Essential decisions about the optimal length of a harvest period are often taken without considering risks.Aims
Here, a practical and easy to apply way to integrate risk in these decisions is shown. Furthermore, it is seen how the rotation period changes according to the risk-type and risk-level.Methods
The marginal principle of Preßler’s indicator rate is developed further by including the concept of expected losses, leading to an optimal harvest age under risk. The application of the new formula is shown by a simulation, which also visualises the influence on the optimal rotation age.Results
Whether risk influences the optimal harvest age compared to a risk free solution, depends on the relationship between expected losses in terms of land rent of the succeeding stand and expected losses in terms of value growth of the existing stand. If they are equal, the rotation age stays. If the expected loss on value growth is bigger than on land rent, the rotation period will be shorter, while it will be longer if the relation is inverse.Conclusion
The concept of expected losses can be applied to practically determine the optimal rotation period under risk.164.
165.
Klaus Hopster Karl Rohn Bernhard Ohnesorge Sabine B.R. Kästner 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):121-126
Objective
To compare the effects of controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) and constant positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and interposed recruitment manoeuvres (RMs) with those of CMV without PEEP on gas exchange during general anaesthesia and the early recovery period.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 48 Warmblood horses undergoing elective surgery in lateral (Lat) (n = 24) or dorsal (Dors) (n = 24) recumbency.Methods
Premedication (romifidine), induction (diazepam and ketamine) and maintenance (isoflurane in oxygen) were identical in all horses. Groups Lat- CMV and Dors-CMV (each n = 12) were ventilated using CMV. Groups Lat-RM and Dors-RM (each n = 12) were ventilated using CMV with constant PEEP (10 cmH2O) and intermittent RMs (three consecutive breaths with peak inspiratory pressure of 60 cmH2O, 80 cmH2O and 60 cmH2O, respectively). RMs were applied as required to maintain PaO2 at > 400 mmHg (> 53.3 kPa). Dobutamine was given to maintain mean arterial blood pressure at > 60 mmHg. Physiological parameters were recorded every 10 minutes. Arterial blood gases were measured intra- and postoperatively. Statistical analyses were conducted using analyses of variance (anova), t tests and the Mann–Whitney U-test.Results
Horses in Dors-RM had higher PaO2 values [478 ± 35 mmHg (63.7 ± 4.6 kPa)] than horses in Dors-CMV [324 ± 45 mmHg (43.2 ± 6 kPa)] during anaesthesia and the early recovery period. There were no differences between horses in groups Lat-CMV and Lat-RM. Other measured parameters did not differ between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Ventilation with CMV, constant PEEP and interposed RM provided improved arterial oxygenation in horses in dorsal recumbency that lasted into the early recovery period, but had no benefit in horses in lateral recumbency. This mode of ventilation may provide a clinically practicable method of improving oxygenation in anaesthetized horses, especially in dorsal recumbency. 相似文献166.
167.
A male mixed breed dog of unknown age was presented with sudden onset of blindness and a slightly exophthalmic right eye. Ophthalmoscopically, a spherical, pinkish mass protruding from the region of the optic disc into the vitreous was seen in the right eye. Ultrasound and computer tomography demonstrated an extension of the mass into the right retrobulbar space, continuing intracranially to the optic chiasm. Cytologic findings, obtained by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration from the retrobulbar space, were consistent with myxosarcoma. On the basis of these findings of a well-delineated mass in the brain stem area, irradiation was planned as the therapy of choice. The dog was treated under general anesthesia using a proton beam at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Villigen, Switzerland). A curative protocol (56 Gy in 16 fractions over 4 weeks, 3.5 Gy/fraction) was used. Twenty-seven days post radiation therapy the dog was euthanized, as clinical symptoms progressed. Enlargement of the intracranial tumor was seen on a CT study repeated on the day of euthanasia. A gross pathologic and histologic examination were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of a myxosarcoma involving the eye, retrobulbar space of the right side, and the optic chiasm. Post-mortem examination failed to identify any abnormalities or metastases elsewhere in the body. 相似文献
168.
Heistermann M Jene B Fent G Feyerabend M Seppelt R Richter O Kubiak R 《Pest management science》2003,59(12):1276-1290
Results of laboratory batch studies often differ from those of outdoor lysimeter or field plot experiments--with respect to degradation as well as sorption. Laboratory micro-lysimeters are a useful device for closing the gap between laboratory and field by both including relevant transport processes in undisturbed soil columns and allowing controlled boundary conditions. In this study, sorption and degradation of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl in a loamy silt soil were investigated by applying inverse modelling techniques to data sets from different experimental approaches under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 10 degrees C: first, batch-degradation studies and, second, column experiments with undisturbed soil cores (28 cm length x 21 cm diameter). The column experiments included leachate and soil profile analysis at two different run times. A sequential extraction method was applied in both study parts in order to determine different binding states of the test item within the soil. Data were modelled using ModelMaker and Hydrus-1D/2D. Metsulfuron-methyl half-life in the batch-experiments (t1/2 = 66 days) was shown to be about four times higher than in the micro-lysimeter studies (t1/2 about 17 days). Kinetic sorption was found to be a significant process both in batch and column experiments. Applying the one-rate-two-site kinetic sorption model to the sequential extraction data, it was possible to associate the stronger bonded fraction of metsulfuron-methyl with its kinetically sorbed fraction in the model. Although the columns exhibited strong significance of multi-domain flow (soil heterogeneity), the comparison between bromide and metsulfuron-methyl leaching and profile data showed clear evidence for kinetic sorption effects. The use of soil profile data had significant impact on parameter estimates concerning sorption and degradation. The simulated leaching of metsulfuron-methyl as it resulted from parameter estimation was shown to decrease when soil profile data were considered in the parameter estimation procedure. Moreover, it was shown that the significance of kinetic sorption can only be demonstrated by the additional use of soil profile data in parameter estimation. Thus, the exclusive use of efflux data from leaching experiments at any scale can lead to fundamental misunderstandings of the underlying processes. 相似文献
169.
Christoph Lüthy Helmut Zondler Thomas Rapold Gottfried Seifert Bernhard Urwyler Thomas Heinis Hans Christian Steinrücken James Allen 《Pest management science》2001,57(3):205-224
A series of novel types of 7‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)oxy ‐ and ‐thio‐3‐methyl‐1 (3H)‐isobenzofuranones were discovered at Dr R Maag AG. From the thio‐isobenzofuranyl series, CGA 279 233—BSI‐proposed common name pyriftalid—was chosen for further development as a grass herbicide for use in rice. General synthetic approaches to these new phthalic acid‐derived compounds are given, with emphasis on the synthesis of pyriftalid and its physico‐chemical behaviour. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
170.