浙江省银杏生产的现状和对策

分析了浙江省银杏资源及其开发利用现状的基础上，揭示了发展银杏的优势和有利条件，以及银杏生产的存在问题，提出了发展银杏生产的对策和措施。     

阻尼喷头动能分布试验及模型

针对阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性研究较少的问题,该文研究了单位体积动能、动能强度与有无散水齿、不同喷嘴直径之间的关系。在工作压力分别为175、200、250和300 k Pa,喷嘴直径分别为3.6、4.0、4.4和4.8 mm下,采用激光雨滴谱仪对Nelson R33阻尼喷头的水滴直径、速度和数目等参数进行试验测试,并对试验结果分析及模型建立。结果表明:有无散水齿条件下的单位体积动能均有逐渐增大的趋势;距喷头相同测点处,单位体积动能随喷嘴直径的增大而减小;给出了有无散水齿下不同喷嘴阻尼喷头单位体积水滴动能分布模型,相关系数均在0.94以上;在距喷头0~4 m,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度较小且差值不超过0.002 W/m2,在距喷头较远处,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度差值较大,最大差值达到0.006 W/m2。有散水齿时,动能强度在不同压力下波动均比较小,差值不超过5%。该结果为进一步研究阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性提供理论依据。     

Effects of previous elemental sulfur applications on oxidation of additional applied elemental sulfur in soils

Oxidation of elemental sulfur (S⁰) in 20 Chinese agricultural soils was tested and the effects of previous S⁰ applications on the oxidation of additional applied S⁰ in selected soils were investigated using laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments. Results showed that sulfur oxidative capacities presented great variability among 20 tested soils, with a coefficient of variation of 92.4%. There were no significant relationships between S⁰ oxidation and physical and chemical properties of the selected soil. Previous S⁰ amendment significantly increased the oxidation rate of additional applied S⁰. These stimulatory effects after the first applications of S⁰ were greater than those after two applications. The percent increase in S⁰ oxidation rate due to S⁰ pretreatment was negatively correlated with the oxidation capacities of soils before S⁰ pretreatments. The significant reduction of sulfur oxidation in autoclaved soils and significant increase in S⁰ oxidation after inoculation with S⁰-treated soil suspension demonstrated that microbial oxidation was mainly responsible for the enhancement of soil oxidation ability after previous S⁰ amendments.     

动物行为学研究在动物福利养殖中的应用

动物行为学(Ethology)是专门研究动物行为的学科,最早是由于人们对动物行为的好奇心而开始关注和研究的。动物行为学以研究动物与环境和群体内个体之间的关系以及和其它生物的互动等为主要内容,并在研究动物行为本身、行为维系群体的作用、个体发育进化史、行为的控制及社会性组织等方面进行了扩展。     

Effects of music stimulus on behavior response,cortisol level,and horizontal immunity of growing pigs

An enriched environment is widely used to improve domestic animals’ welfare and promote their natural behaviors. Music can reduce abnormal behavior in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the effects of music on pigs. This study aims to explore the effects of repeated music stimulation on the behavior, physiology, and immunity of growing pigs. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Minpig) were randomly divided into three groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60 to 70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80 to 85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB), and 6 h sound stimulation was given per day (1000 to 1600 hours) from 40 to 100 d of age. The behavioral activities of the pigs were observed during the music stimulation, and their serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum immune indices were also measured. Compared with the control group, the music group and noise group increased activity but decreased lying of pigs (P < 0.05). A significant increase in tail-wagging, playing, and exploring behaviors of pigs was found in the music group (P < 0.05), and the noise significantly increased the aggressive behavior of the pigs (P < 0.05). Tail-wagging, playing, exploring, manipulating, and aggressive behaviors decreased over time. Short-term (8 d) music stimulus had a lower cortisol level than that of the noise and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas long-term (60 d) music stimulus increased immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.05) and decreased interleukin-4 (IL-4) level (P < 0.05). Long-term noise stimulus significantly reduced the level of IgG (P < 0.05) but did not affect the level of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term music stimulus (8 d) reduced the stress response, whereas long-term music stimulus (60 d) enhanced the immune responses. In addition, the noise increased the aggressive behavior, and long-term noise reduced the immunity of the growing pigs.     

反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮工艺优化

为确定反渗透膜系统削减沼液氨氮的最佳反应条件,以氨氮去除率为评价指标,采用Plackett-Burman试验从影响氨氮去除率的4因素中筛选出运行压力、pH值和回收率3个显著影响因素,通过最陡爬坡试验逼近最大氨氮去除率区域,在此基础上,利用Box-Behnken响应面法对显著因素进行优化。结果表明:结合试验的可操作性,最优反应条件为:运行压力5.50 MPa,回收率76.00%,pH值7.70,氨氮的实际去除率可达96.13%。对去除率影响主次顺序为运行压力回收率pH值。运行压力和回收率、pH值和回收率,二者的交互作用均极显著,运行压力和pH值的交互作用显著。模型失拟项P=0.54410.05,表明失拟不显著,二次回归模型与实际情况拟合得很好,该研究可为深入了解反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮性能提供理论依据。     

体细胞克隆荷斯坦奶牛出生后死亡犊牛内脏器官的组织病理学观察

为探究体细胞克隆荷斯坦奶牛出生后死亡的原因,对新生后死亡的克隆荷斯坦公牛和自然繁殖的荷斯坦公犊的主要组织器官进行比较。通过解剖和石蜡切片-HE(hematoxylin-eosin staining)染色技术,对主要的组织器官结构进行观察和分析。结果表明,新生后死亡的克隆荷斯坦公牛肺部结构清晰;肝脏的肝细胞明显肿大,出现脂肪轻度变性;肾小管上皮细胞出现变性;心肌的肌纤维间空隙增大;骨骼肌纤维间隙明显,空泡变性,这可能导致该克隆牛犊肌肉无力并功能不全;淋巴结皮髓质界限不分明,淋巴小结细胞较稀疏,生发中心不明显,淋巴窦细胞较少;脾脏内红细胞较少,这说明该克隆牛的造血功能可能不完善;胸腺的皮质部分和髓质部分界限不明显,嗜酸性胸腺小体不易辨认,可能发育不全。该克隆公牛免疫器官出现不同程度的发育不全现象较严重,这有可能是其出生后死亡率高的主要原因。     

卵泡抑制素与GFP融合基因疫苗pEGISI的构建及表达

为构建卵泡抑制素与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）融合基因疫苗pEGISI,将pcISI中的乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）S基因及插入S基因中的抑制素（INH）基因片段酶切回收;PCR扩增pcISI中INH基因片段,调整阅读框,一起融合到pEGFP-N1中EGFP基因的5’端,构建ISI-EGFP融合表达质粒pEGISI。酶切和测序鉴定表明,重组质粒pEGISI构建成功。将pEGISI转染293T细胞,16h后检测到绿色荧光,48h检测到强烈荧光,说明融合基因在293T细胞获得高表达;ELISA检测证实,表达产物ISI—EGFP融合蛋白具有INH的抗原抗体反应原性。质粒pEGISI的成功构建及表达为抑制素基因免疫的机理及安全性研究奠定了基础。     

基于轻量型残差网络的自然场景水稻害虫识别

准确识别水稻害虫对水稻及时采取防护和治理措施具有重要意义,该研究以自然场景中水稻害虫图像为研究对象,针对水稻害虫图像的颜色纹理与背景相近以及同类害虫形态差异较大等特点,设计了一个由特征提取、全局优化以及局部优化模块构成的轻量型残差网络（Light Weight Residual Network,LW-ResNet）用于水稻害虫识别。在特征提取模块通过增加卷积层数以及分支数对残差块进行改进,有效提取自然场景中水稻害虫图像的深层全局特征并使用全局优化模块进行优化;局部优化模块通过设计轻量型注意力子模块关注害虫的局部判别性特征。LW-ResNet网络在特征提取模块减少了残差块的数量,在注意力子模块中采用深度可分离卷积减少了浮点运算量,从而实现了模型的轻量化。试验结果表明,所设计的LW-ResNet网络在13类水稻害虫图像的测试数据集上达到了92.5%的识别准确率,高于VGG16、ResNet、AlexNet等经典卷积神经网络模型,并且LW-ResNet网络的参数量仅为1.62×106个,浮点运算量仅为0.34×109次,低于MobileNetV3轻量级卷积神经网络模型。该研究成果可用于移动端水稻害虫的自动识别。     

1-甲基环丙烯和CO_2组合处理抑制柿果实脱涩软化的效应及其细胞壁成分的变化

为研究1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对CO2脱涩柿果实软化及细胞壁成分变化的影响,探讨延长柿果实采后脱涩后货架期的方法,以‘磨盘柿’(Diospyros kaki Thunb cv.Mopan)为材料,研究了采用CO2、CO2+0.5μL/L1-MCP组合处理24h后,在室温下贮存对采后脱涩柿果实软化和细胞壁成分的影响。结果表明:CO2处理和CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理均能够有效的使涩柿脱涩,CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理相对于CO2处理来说在脱涩的同时能够有效的降低柿果实采后脱涩后柿果实贮存过程中硬度下降的速率,降低呼吸强度、乙烯释放量并且延迟呼吸高峰、乙烯高峰的出现时间,延缓柿果实水溶性果胶上升和共价性果胶下降的速率,以及半纤维素和纤维素含量下降的速率。因此,CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理可以延长柿果实采后脱涩后柿果实的货架期。