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An economical anaesthetic technique of short duration that can be administered to piglets in the field is desirable for humanitarian reasons, for castration, tail docking or other brief procedures. Using the principles of anaesthetic uptake and distribution, an inhaler was developed to vaporize and administer isoflurane to piglets. The inhaler design consisted of a mask, vaporization chamber and a rebreathing bag. A stopcock provided access for injection of liquid isoflurane onto a wick contained in the vaporization chamber. Inspiratory and expiratory flow of air over the wick enhanced anaesthetic vaporization. The amount of liquid isoflurane required for induction and 2–3 minutes of surgical anaesthesia was calculated using the square root of time model proposed by Lowe & Ernst (1981) for liquid injection, closed circuit anaesthesia in people. Calculations were based on an assumed MAC of 1.4% and the achievement of a target alveolar concentration of 1.3 MAC to provide a surgical plane of anaesthesia. The appropriate isoflurane concentrations in the mask, inhaler, rebreathing bag and the piglet's FRC and tissues were calculated. Original calculations were based on metabolic size (BW0.75) and then converted to weight (kg). Based on the piglet's scale weight, the total microliters of liquid isoflurane required were formulated into a table for field use. Isoflurane was injected into the inhaler stopcock followed by oxygen to fill the rebreathing bag and initiate vaporization. After the mask was placed over the piglet's nose a slide switch was activated to allow gases to move in and out of the inhaler and rebreathing bag. Fifty‐seven male piglets weighing (mean ± SD 3.0 ± 0.7 kg) and aged 7.7 ± 1.0 days were randomly selected to receive anaesthesia prior to castration. Remaining littermates served as controls for assessing morbidity or mortality. The time to induction, recovery and total anaesthetic time were measured. The Pe ′CO2 was measured at the piglet's nostril immediately after the mask was removed at the end of the surgical procedure. Data were analysed in SAS using the Proc Mixed procedure. Inductions were rapid, 47 ± 9 seconds, generally with minimal or no resistance. The duration of surgery was 1–2 minutes. Anaesthesia was adequate and recovery was rapid, 122 ± 44 seconds. Total time from start to standing was 260 ± 51 seconds. The Pe ′CO2 was 5.2 ± 1.1 kPa (39.4 ± 8.4 mm Hg). There was no morbidity or mortality associated with either group of piglets. After piglets were standing and mobile, they were returned to the sow and other littermates, where they immediately started nursing and were indistinguishable from littermates except by determination of ear notch number. This technique provides safe, rapid anaesthesia and recovery that is appropriate for use by veterinarians for brief field procedures. 相似文献
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DS Martins CE Ambrósio NZ Saraiva CV Wenceslau AC Morini I Kerkis JM Garcia MA Miglino 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2011,46(1):e62-e66
Previously, three distinct populations of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs), namely gonocytes, intermediate cells and pre‐spermatogonia, have been described in the human foetal testis. According to our knowledge, these PGCs have not been studied in any other species. The aim of our study was to identify similar PGC populations in canine embryos. First, we develop a protocol for canine embryo isolation. Following our protocol, 15 canine embryos at 21–25 days of pregnancy were isolated by ovaryhysterectomy surgery. Our data indicate that dramatic changes occur in canine embryo development and PGCs specification between 21 to 25 days of gestation. At that moment, only two PGC populations with distinct morphology can be identified by histological analyses. Cell population 1 presented round nuclei with prominent nucleolus and a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, showing gonocyte morphology. Cell population 2 was often localized at the periphery of the testicular cords and presented typical features of PGC. Both germ cell populations were positively immunostained with anti‐human OCT‐4 antibody. However, at day 25, all cells of population 1 reacted positively with OCT‐4, whereas in population 2, fewer cells were positive for this marker. These two PGCs populations present morphological features similar to gonocytes and intermediate cells from human foetal testis. It is expected that a population of pre‐spermatogonia would be observed at later stages of canine foetus development. We also showed that anti‐human OCT‐4 antibody can be useful to identify canine PGC in vivo. 相似文献
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SE Pozzobon MA Lagares DS Brum FG Leivas MIB Rubin 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(1):19-22
The aim of this study was to increase the bovine embryonic development rate, adding recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to maturation medium of bovine oocytes. Oocytes were matured for 24 h in TCM 199 Earle's salts and five treatments were developed: T1, 0.01 IU/ml of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH); T2, 0.01 IU/ml of rhFSH + 100 ng/ml of rhGH; T3, 0.01 IU/ml of rhFSH + 1000 ng/ml of rhGH; T4, 100 ng/ml of rhGH; and T5, 1000 ng/ml of rhGH at 39 degrees C and 5% of CO(2) in air and saturated humidity. In vitro fertilization from cumulus-oocyte complexes was conducted in TALP-Fert medium (18-22 h) and spermatozoa were selected by Percoll gradient. Zygotes were incubated in SOFaaci medium in 5% of CO(2) in air, 5% of O(2) at 39 degrees C and saturated humidity for 11 days. There was no statistical difference in cleavage rate and embryo production on day 7 and day 9 among treatments. However, the hatching rate increased significantly in the T4 and T5 treatments (11.0 and 12.8%, respectively), compared with the T1 treatment (4.6%) (p < 0.05). Therefore, the rhGH addition to the oocyte maturation medium showed beneficial effects on the hatching rate of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. 相似文献
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AC Morini NCG Pieri KCS Roballo DS Martins CE Ambrósio JC Morini Junior PO Favaron AHH Minervino FVT Pereira MA Miglino 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(4):509-514
Many researches describe the embryonic developmental features in domestic animals; however, in farm animals, they are scarce. Most farm animal studies are related to assisted reproduction and embryos transfer techniques. But, morphological features and size measure to estimate the age gestation are rarely reported in literature. Thus, in this study, we described the developmental changes in the bubaline (Bubalus bubali) concepts from 21 to 60 days of gestation. Our results revealed that buffalo embryos similar morphological characteristics similar to other mammalian species. Also, similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on foetal stages when buffalos have a faster development than bovine. Therefore, buffalo's gestation period exhibits some varieties and accurate embryo age is more difficult. Yet, when we use a combination of the crown–rump, macroscopic analysis and alizarin red, it is possible to describe better the whole embryogenesis stages of the buffalo and which can contribute for future reproduction researches and applications in veterinary practice. 相似文献
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DK Rendell TE Rentsch JM Smith DS Chandler APL Callinan 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):313-317
AIM: To determine associations between resistance of Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) spp to macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics and history of use of anthelmintics, by type, on commercial sheep farms in temperate regions of southern South Australia and Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) were conducted during a 2.5-year period (from August 2001 to January 2004) and records of the type of anthelmintic used in the 5 years preceding the FECRTs were collected from commercial sheep farms (n=103) in southern South Australia and Victoria, and data analysed retrospectively. ML resistance was defined as <95% reduction of Ostertagia spp 10–14 days after treatment with ivermectin (IVM), orally, at half the manufacturer's recommended dose rate. Use of anthelmintics in the preceding 5 and 10 years on each property was classified according to the nett number of years each of the following classes of drug had been used: IVM oral liquid (IVO), IVM controlled-release capsules (CRCs), abamectin (ABA), moxidectin (MOX) or a non-ML an- thelmintic. The prevalence of ML resistance, by property, was analysed for associations with prior use of anthelmintics. RESULTS: Resistance by Ostertagia spp to ML anthelmintics was evident on 51/103 (49.5%) properties. The prevalence of resistance was lowest (23%) on properties on which MOX had not been used, and was significantly higher (64–77%) on properties on which MOX had been used for ≥2 of the preceding 5 years (p<0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of resistance was highest (70–74%) on the properties on which IVM, or IVM and/ or ABA, had not been used in the previous 5 years (on which the use of MOX was predominant), and was markedly lower (20– 42%) on properties that had used IVM or IVM and/or ABA for at least one of the preceding 5 years. Prevalence of resistance was higher for properties on which the only ML anthelmintic used was MOX (19/29=66%) than for those on which the only ML used was IVO (2/19=11%; p<0.001). Properties on which the only ML used was MOX were 2.72 times more likely to have resistance than properties on which the only ML used was IVO (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–5.08). CONCLUSION: Use of MOX for ≥2 of the preceding 5 years was associated with a higher prevalence of resistance to ML by Ostertagia spp on sheep farms in south eastern Australia than the use of IVO. 相似文献
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