草鱼肝胆综合症并发细菌疾病病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

对2016年6月江西省鄱阳县高家岭一个养殖场养殖草鱼发生的暴发性疾病进行病原分离鉴定及药敏试验,旨在确定其病因,为今后生产中有效防控该疾病提供参考。利用细菌分离方法在无菌条件下从患肝胆综合症草鱼体内分离、纯化致病菌,通过形态学、生化鉴定和16SrDNA序列分析、gyrB基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定,用攻毒试验找出草鱼的半致死浓度,并采用滤纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。从患肝胆综合症草鱼体内分离、纯化到一株致病菌,经鉴定为维氏气单胞菌,命名为PYG1。攻毒试验表明该菌能感染草鱼,且半致死浓度为1.5×10 ⁴ CFU/g鱼体质量。药敏试验结果表明该菌只对氨基糖苷类、第二代和第三代头孢类以及喹诺酮类的氧氟沙星共9种药物表现出敏感或中度敏感,对所测的其他药物耐药,为强耐药菌株。维氏气单胞菌PYG1是引起此次草鱼发病的致病菌,可选用氨基糖苷类、头孢类及喹诺酮类的氧氟沙星等药物进行防治。     

蛟河晒红烟移栽期和覆盖方式对烟株干物质积累和烟叶经济性状的影响

为揭示不同移栽期和覆盖方式对晒红烟干物质积累动态特征和有效积温关系的影响,以吉林蛟河晒红烟品种漂河1号为材料,研究3个移栽期（5月24日、5月29日、6月4日）和2种覆盖方式（不覆盖、地膜覆盖）对晒红烟生育期天数、有效积温、干物质积累特征及烟叶经济性状的影响。结果表明,提前移栽期可延长晒红烟伸根期天数;提前移栽期和地膜覆盖可延长晒红烟成熟期天数,提高了晒红烟成熟期有效积温和采收前干物质积累量,干物质积累速率峰值出现积温和快增期开始积温、结束积温均提前,降低干物质平均积累速率,提高快增期干物质积累量;移栽期提前,各处理产量下降,产值先升后降,地膜覆盖处理的上等烟比例和均价逐渐增加。相关性分析表明,干物质平均积累速率和干物质积累速率峰值出现积温对晒红烟经济性状的形成至关重要。因此,蛟河晒红烟在5月24日-5月29日移栽并采用地膜覆盖栽培较为适宜。     

Managing Striga infestation on maize using organic and inorganic nutrient sources in western Kenya

The influence of weather and cropping practices on the population dynamics of the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus, a vector of wheat dwarf virus, is examined. The occurrence of the two annual generations was monitored by water traps in winter wheat fields in Central Sweden from autumn 1997 to autumn 2000. Surveys were also carried out in unploughed fallows, leys and permanent pastures. The results indicate that cold weather in early summer affected nymphal development negatively, and that the negative effect on population size may persist into the following year. On the other hand, warm weather in the autumn may result in a large overwintering population. Very few P. alienus were caught during weeks with average maximum temperatures <10°C, and in warmer weather catches increased with temperature. Consequently, late sowing of winter wheat decreases oviposition opportunities and the risk of virus spread because leafhopper activity ceases as temperatures decrease in the autumn. Adults of the spring generation were most abundant in fallows. However, phenological data indicated that the progeny were unlikely to reach the adult stage because fallows were usually terminated before nymphal development was complete.     

Weed Flora of Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

A large scale white grub control campaign was launched by the Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani. Pit trapping indicated that there was an initial beetle population of about 50 million in an area of 876 ha. About 9,000,000 beetles were collected mechanically and destroyed. One spraying of 12,000 babul and neem trees with 0.4% DDT killed 88% of the beetles. The percentage reduction in the plant population of rice, chillies, jowar and sugarcane, due to white grub attack was 1.83, 6.34, 3.59 and 3.02 in the treated area as against 65.54, 56.06, 49.68 and 8.94 in the untreated area. In cotton there was no reduction in plant population in the treated area. There was an increase in yield in paddy, chilli, cotton and jowar to the extent of 164.5, 102.2, 27.8 and 12.7% respectively in the treated area of Ratoli. There was an 80% reduction in the white grub larval population.     

Production of Perchlorate by Laboratory Simulated Lightning Process

Perchlorate (ClO₄⁻), a thyroid hormone disruptor, is both naturally occurring and a man-made contaminant increasingly found in a variety of terrestrial environments. The environmental presence of ClO₄⁻ is considered to be the result of atmospheric formation and deposition processes. The ultimate processes, particularly heterogeneous-based reactions, leading to natural ClO₄⁻ formation are not well understood. Oxidation of chlorine species by an energetic source such as lightning is considered to be one of the potential heterogeneous sources of natural ClO₄⁻. Currently, there is very little information available on lightning-induced ClO₄⁻. We designed a laboratory electrical discharge reactor capable of evaluating ClO₄⁻ formation by the oxidation of “dry” sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosols (relative humidity (RH) <70%) in electrical discharge plasma at voltages and energies up to 24 kV and 21 kJ, respectively. Similar to other non-electrochemical ClO₄⁻ production processes, the amount of ClO₄⁻ produced (0.5–4.8 μg) was 3 orders of magnitude lower than the input Cl⁻ (7.1–60.1 mg). The amount of ClO₄⁻ generated increased with peak voltage (V) and theoretical maximum discharge energy with ΔClO₄⁻/ΔV = 0.28 × 10⁻³ μg V⁻¹ (R ² = 0.94) and ΔClO₄⁻/ΔE = 0.44 × 10⁻³ μg J⁻¹ (R ² = 0.83). The total ClO₄⁻ generated decreased with an increase in relative humidity from 2.8 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼46%) to 0.9 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼62%) indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the formation of ClO₄⁻. Additional modifications to the reactor support the hypothesis of ClO₄⁻ formation due to the action of plasma on Cl⁻ aerosols as opposed to direct oxidation on the surface of the electrodes. Finally, the contribution of lightning-induced ClO₄⁻ in North America is calculated to have a wide range from 0.006 × 10⁵ to 5 × 10⁵ kg/year and is within the range of the measured ClO₄⁻ depositional flux in precipitation samples obtained across the USA (0.09 × 10⁵–1.2 × 10⁵ kg/y).     

Diurnal changes in nonstructural carbohydrates and amino acids in pigeonpea leaves

The modern varieties of pigeonpea were domesticated from perennial wild species with a tall bushy startue (van der Maesen 1990). Although breeding efforts had been focused on the incorporation of the annual character compatible with the present cropping systems, perennial character persists in the growth habit. The growth feature related to the perennial character is represented by a low early growth vigor (Brakke and Gardner 1987). The lower net photosynthetic rate compared with that of sunflower, cotton, and other legumes at the same leaf age (Rawson and Constable 1981) may account for the slow growth. Although photosynthetic activities are controlled by many factors, including environmental, physical, and chemical factors, allocation of the fixed carbon into either starch or sucrose is one of the regulating mechanisms in photosynthetic pathways (Huber et al. 1990) which directly affects translocation of photosynthates and consequently whole plant growth.     

Kinetics of 15N-labelled nitrate uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) root segments

Abstract

Isotherms and kinetic constants of nitrate uptake by excised root segments from the apical root zone of 6-d-old maize seedlings pretreated with nitrate were investigated using ¹⁵N-labelled nitrate. The isotherms were resolved into two systems namely a multiphasic saturable system at substrate concentrations lower than 2 mol m^?-3 and a linear system at higher concentrations. The detailed analysis of the multiphasic saturable system suggested the existence of at least three phases, which followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The I _max and K _m of each phase increase from the lower phase to the upper phase. The distance from the root tip and the presence of stele affected considerably the linear system but only slightly the saturable system.     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.