Influence of dietary palm oil on growth, tissue fatty acid compositions, and fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary crude palm oil (CPO) on fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine of rainbow trout. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout for 10 weeks at 13 °C were fed on diets in which CPO replaced fish oil (FO) in a graded manner (0–100%). At the end of the trial, fatty acid compositions of flesh, liver and pyloric caeca were determined and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis and fatty acid oxidation were estimated in isolated hepatocytes and caecal enterocytes using [1‐¹⁴C]18:3n‐3 as substrate. Growth performance and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary CPO. Fatty acid compositions of selected tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid composition with increasing CPO resulting in increased proportions of 18:1n‐9 and 18:2n‐6 and decreased proportions of n‐3HUFA, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. Palmitic acid, 16:0, was also increased in flesh and pyloric caeca, but not in liver. The capacity of HUFA synthesis from 18:3n‐3 increased by up to threefold in both hepatocytes and enterocytes in response to graded increases in dietary CPO. In contrast, oxidation of 18:3n‐3 was unaffected by dietary CPO in hepatocytes and reduced by high levels of dietary CPO in enterocytes. The results of this study suggest that CPO can be used at least to partially replace FO in diets for rainbow trout in terms of permitting similar growth and feed conversion, and having no major detrimental effects on lipid and fatty acid metabolism, although flesh fatty acid compositions are significantly affected at an inclusion level above 50%, with n‐3HUFA reduced by up to 40%.     

Physical Properties of Extruded Wheat Starch-Additive Mixtures

The effects of the addition of fatty acids, monoglycerides (MG), and wheat germ oil (WGO) on the level of crystallinity and the crystalline structure of extrusion-cooked wheat starch have been studied using twin-screw extruders. Measurements of water solubility and water absorption indices were made on the extrudates, together with specific mechanical energy (SME) consumption and die pressure for the extruder. MG and the fatty acids added to a level of 4% caused an increase in V_hydrate type crystallinity. WGO addition to a level of 8% caused no change in crystallinity, although the E_hydrate type was favored at lower moisture contents. All additives caused a decrease in SME and an increase or maximum in die pressure. WGO behaved differently than MG and fatty acids in that its addition caused the water solubility index and expansion to increase, as previously observed for other oils added to flours.     

Zum Problem der Nebenwirkungen von Insektiziden in den Agrocoenosen

Zusammenfassung Die Nebenwirkung von Insektiziden auf die Lebensgemeinschaften der Kulturen ist desto tiefer und durchgreifender, um je dauerhaftere Kulturen es sich handelt. Obwohl in den Agrocoenosen Selbstregulation und Gleichgewicht fehlen, bestehen hier doch bedeutende quantitative Zusammenhänge zwischen Schädlingen und ihren Räubern und Parasiten. Diese Zusammenhänge werden an Beispielen von Hauptschädlingen der Hackfrüchte dargestellt.Es wird vorgeschlagen, schon bei der Prüfung von Insektiziden die Wirkungsweise des Insektizides auf die wichtigsten natürlichen Feinde von Schädlingen zu untersuchen.

---

Summary In the agrocoenoses the intensity of the side effects of insecticides is in proportion to the degree of permanency of the cultures. Although the agrocoenoses do not represent a self-regulated and balanced ecological unit, there are, however, quantitative correlations between the pests and their predators and parasites. These interrelations are demonstrated by examples from the main pests of the root crops.It is suggested that the effects of insecticides on the most important natural enemies of the pests be examined already in the testing stage of the insecticides.

---

Résumé Les effects secondaires des insecticides sur les agrocénoses sont d'autant plus importants et actifs qu'il s'agit de cultures permanentes. Bien que des régulations spontanées et l'equilibre manquent dans les agrocénoses, il existe done d'importants rapports quantitatifs entre les insectes nuisibles et leurs prédateurs et leurs parasites. Ces rapports seront illustrés par des exemples des principaux insectes nuisibles aux plantes sarclées.On propose d'étudier, dès la mise à l'essai des différents insecticides, le mode d'action de chaque insecticide sur les ennemis naturels les plus importants des insectes nuisibles.

---

---

mit 5 Fig.

---

Vortrag, gehalten am 4. September 1967 auf dem VI. Internationalen Pflanzenschutzkongress in Wien.     

Etude de la remanence du DDT sur legumes a la suite de l'application des traitements insecticides

Résumé On présente des données sur la persistence du DDT sur tomates, poivrons, et aubergines en plein champ, et sur tomates en serre, à la suite de l'application des traitements par concentrés émulsifiables. Dans le cas des tomates on a constaté que le dépôt résiduel est audessous de 1 ppm apres un intervalle de 11 jours depuis l'application du traitement en champ. En serre, et pour la même quantité de substance toxique, la persistence se maintient jusqu'à 36 jours.Le dépôt initial sur aubergines est plus élevé que dans le cas des tomates, atteignant jusqu'à 1 ppm. après environ 22 à 29 jours. Chez les poivrons, le résidu initial est très grand par rapport aux deux premières légumes et atteint 19 ppm. 22 Jours après le traitement celui-ci varie entre 0,8–1,3 ppm.Ensuite, on a étudié la dynamique de la répartition dans le temps de la substance toxique par unité de surface. Les résultats obtenus démontrent l'uniformité des traitements; la diminution de la quantité de substance toxique dans le temps est due autant au facteur croissance qu'aux conditions de climat.

---

Summary The paper deals with data on the persistence of DDT on tomatoes, sweet peppers and eggplants in the field, and on tomatoes in the greenhouse, following the application of emulsions. It is shown that in tomatoes, residual deposits are below 1 ppm 11 days after treatments in the field. In the greenhouse, the persistence is long-lasting, attaining up to 36 days when the same amount of toxicant is applied.In eggplants, the initial deposit is higher than in tomatoes attaining about 1 ppm after 22–29 days. In sweet peppers, the initial amount of residue is very large as compared to the first two vegetables and attains 19 ppm; 22 days after the treatement it ranges between 0.8–1.3 ppm.Besides, the dynamics of toxicant distribution with time, per area unit was studied. The data obtained demonstrate the uniformity of the treatments, and that the diminution of the amount of toxicant with time is due to both the growth factor and the climate conditions.

---

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden Daten betreffs der Karenzzeit der DDT-Rückstände auf Tomaten, Paprika und Eierfrüchten nach Behandlung des Feldbestandes und auf Tomaten, die im Treibhaus mit DDT-Emulsionen behandelt wurden, wiedergegeben. Aus unseren Untersuchungen geht hervor, daß der Rückstandswert auf Tomaten 11 Tage nach der Behandlung des Feldbestandes weniger als 1 ppm beträgt. Im Treibhaus hingegen erstreckt sich die Karenzzeit (Verweildauer) bis auf 36 Tage unter Anwendung derselben Wirkstoffmenge.Auf den Eierfrüchten ist der anfängliche Rückstandswert größer als auf den Tomaten und erreicht nach ungefähr 22–29 Tagen Werte unter 1 ppm. Im Falle der Paprikaschoten sind die Rückstandswerte anfangs sehr hoch im Gegensatz zu den vorher genannten Gemüsesorten und zwar erreichen sie 19 ppm. Nach 22 Tagen verzeichnen wir hier Werte von 0,8–1,3 ppm.Anschließend verfolgten wir die Dynamik der Wirkstoffverbreitung im Verhältnis der Zeit zur Oberflächeneinheit.Die erzielten Ergebnisse deuten sowohl auf eine uniform durchgeführte Behandlungsweise hin als auch auf die Tatsache, daß der zeitliche Rückgang der Rückstandsmenge von Wachstum und Klimabedingungen abhängig ist.

---

---

avec 4 figs.     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND IMPLICATIONS IN EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN USE

DM yield and N uptake data are presented from primary growth and two successive regrowths of perennial ryegrass treated with combinations of three N treatments for the primary growth viz. 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha (PN) and four N treatments applied for the second growths, viz. 0, 33, 66 and 100 kg N/ha (SN). Primary growth gave a response of 24·2 kg DM/kg applied N to PN50 with only a further l±0 kg DM/kg applied N from the second PN increment. A significant interaction between PN and SN treatments was shown in second growth. The residual DM response to PN was highest at SN0 and reduced as the level of SN was raised. Substantially greater residual responses to PN treatments were shown in the third growth. Third growth DM responses to SN treatments were high. High apparent recovery of fertilizer N reached 111% of primary N where SN66 followed PN50. High available soil N is partly responsible for both high apparent recovery of N and high DM response. The latter appears to be associated with inclusion of growths given no fertilizer N so that the full residual effects of fertilizer N and ‘priming’ of available soil N can be realised.     

Fractional composition of redox systems in the soils of coal mine dumps

Specific features of the development of redox systems in the soils of coal mine dumps in Kemerovo oblast were studied. The quantitative characteristics of the fractional composition of the oxidized and reduced components in these soils were obtained, and their heterogeneity was shown. Distribution patterns of the reduced and oxidized components in the parent material of these specific technogenic landscapes in the course of soil evolution were revealed.