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81.
Thomas Zumbrunnen Gianni B. PezzattiPatricia Menéndez Harald BugmannMatthias Bürgi Marco Conedera 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(12):2188-2199
Understanding the factors driving past fire regimes is crucial in the context of global change as a basis for predicting future changes. In this study, we aimed to identify the impact of climate and human activities on fire occurrence in the most fire-prone regions of Switzerland. We considered forest fires, land use and meteorological data over the period 1904-2008 in the neighboring mountain cantons (states) of Valais and Ticino, which are characterized by distinct climatic regimes.The presence/absence of fire ignitions was analyzed using the Nesterov ignition index (as a proxy for fire weather), road density (for ignition sources), livestock density (for biomass removal), and change in forest area (for fire-prone abandoned agricultural areas).We found that fire weather played a key role in fire occurrence in both regions. Road and livestock densities had similar influences in the two cantons. However, while the increase in forest area was well correlated with fire occurrence in Ticino, no such correlation was evident in Valais, probably because land abandonment and forest cover change have been less extensive there. Our findings emphasize the non-linear nature of the relationships between fire occurrence and anthropogenic drivers, as we found thresholds above which road density was no longer correlated with fire occurrence. This implies that the projected future increase and spatial concentration of the human population may not result in a further increase in fire risk in intermediately to densely populated areas in both cantons.The driving factors behind fire activity differ slightly in the two cantons, in particular with increasing forest area enhancing fire occurrence in Ticino but not in Valais. These differences should be taken into account when assessing future fire risk, especially in Valais where the potential for an increase in the fire-prone area is still high. Fires are likely to become more frequent in a warmer climate, but future fire activity may develop differently in the two cantons. This should be taken into account when planning optimized fire prevention measures. This case study should help to better understand fire activity in highly populated regions where fire activity is still moderate but might markedly increase under a projected more fire-prone climate. 相似文献
82.
Peres C Gomes da Silva MD Barreiros S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(7):1884-1888
The esterification reaction of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by Novozym was studied in supercritical ethane (sc-ethane) and in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO(2)). Water activity (a(W)) had a very strong effect on enzyme activity, with reaction rates increasing up to a(W) = 0.25 and then decreasing for higher a(W). Salt hydrate pairs could not prevent changes in a(W) during the course of reaction but were able to control a(W) to some extent and had a beneficial effect on both initial rates of esterification and conversion in sc-ethane. The enzyme was more active in sc-ethane than in sc-CO(2), confirming the deleterious effect of the latter already observed with some enzymes. Temperatures between 40 and 60 degrees C did not have a strong effect on initial rates of esterification, although reaction progress declined considerably in that temperature range. For the mixture of 50 mM acetic acid plus 200 mM geraniol, 100% conversion was achieved at a reaction time of 10 h at 40 degrees C, 100 bar, an a(W) of incubation of 0.25, and a Novozym concentration of 0.55 mg cm(-)(3) in sc-ethane. Conversion was below 50% in sc-CO(2) at otherwise identical conditions. With an equimolar mixture of the two substrates (100 mM), 98% conversion was reached at 10 h of reaction in sc-ethane (73% conversion in sc-CO(2)). 相似文献
83.
Accurate determination of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in wines at low parts per trillion by solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-ECD 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alzaga R Ortiz L Sánchez-Baeza F Marco MP Bayona JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(12):3509-3514
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure at 30 degrees C with a 100 microm PDMS fiber of a saturated NaCl solution stirred at 1100 rpm combined to GC-ECD for the 2,4,6-trichloroanisol (TCA) determination in wines has been developed. Due to the matrix complexity and ethanol absorption into the fiber, the internal standard selection was crucial to obtain unbiased results. Thus, matrix effects were observed when analyzing different types of Spanish wines (white, early, and vintage red wines) spiked with TCA at low concentration levels (i.e., <40 ng L(-)(1)). In contrast, the use of 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) as internal standard overcame these matrix effects, whereas the use of 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl ethyl ether led to inconsistent results. The developed HS-SPME-GC-ECD methodology reaches a limit of quantitation for TCA in wine within 2.9-18 ng L(-)(1), with a relative standard deviation of 2.5-13.4%, depending on the TCA concentration level and wine characteristics. This analytical method is comparable to the existing methodologies based on HS-SPME followed by GC-MS in terms of accuracy, precision, length of determination, and length of quantification; however, analysis cost is reduced. 相似文献
84.
Cordenonsi M Montagner M Adorno M Zacchigna L Martello G Mamidi A Soligo S Dupont S Piccolo S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5813):840-843
During development and tissue homeostasis, cells must integrate different signals. We investigated how cell behavior is controlled by the combined activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, whose integration mechanism is unknown. We find that RTK/Ras/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activity induces p53 N-terminal phosphorylation, enabling the interaction of p53 with the TGF-beta-activated Smads. This mechanism confines mesoderm specification in Xenopus embryos and promotes TGF-beta cytostasis in human cells. These data indicate a mechanism to allow extracellular cues to specify the TGF-beta gene-expression program. 相似文献
85.
Sarcomeric oscillations in frog skeletal muscle fibers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brief asynchronous, small-amplitude, cyclic, longitudinal displacements of the striations of frog skeletal muscle fibers were observed with ordinary light microscopy after application of caffeine and certain quaternary ammonium compounds. With time these oscillations became synchronized and evolved into peristaltic-like movements. The oscillations were influenced by sarcomere length, temperature, external concentration of calcium ions, membrane potential, and disruption of the transverse tubules. 相似文献
86.
Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Picardi G Plaut JJ Biccari D Bombaci O Calabrese D Cartacci M Cicchetti A Clifford SM Edenhofer P Farrell WM Federico C Frigeri A Gurnett DA Hagfors T Heggy E Herique A Huff RL Ivanov AB Johnson WT Jordan RL Kirchner DL Kofman W Leuschen CJ Nielsen E Orosei R Pettinelli E Phillips RJ Plettemeier D Safaeinili A Seu R Stofan ER Vannaroni G Watters TR Zampolini E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5756):1925-1928
The martian subsurface has been probed to kilometer depths by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express orbiter. Signals penetrate the polar layered deposits, probably imaging the base of the deposits. Data from the northern lowlands of Chryse Planitia have revealed a shallowly buried quasi-circular structure about 250 kilometers in diameter that is interpreted to be an impact basin. In addition, a planar reflector associated with the basin structure may indicate the presence of a low-loss deposit that is more than 1 kilometer thick. 相似文献
87.
Della Torre A Pombi M Petrarca V Coluzzi M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6028):419-20; author reply 420-1
88.
89.
Fossilized nuclei and germination structures identify Ediacaran "animal embryos" as encysting protists 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Huldtgren T Cunningham JA Yin C Stampanoni M Marone F Donoghue PC Bengtson S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6063):1696-1699
Globular fossils showing palintomic cell cleavage in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, China, are widely regarded as embryos of early metazoans, although metazoan synapomorphies, tissue differentiation, and associated juveniles or adults are lacking. We demonstrate using synchrotron-based x-ray tomographic microscopy that the fossils have features incompatible with multicellular metazoan embryos. The developmental pattern is comparable with nonmetazoan holozoans, including germination stages that preclude postcleavage embryology characteristic of metazoans. We conclude that these fossils are neither animals nor embryos. They belong outside crown-group Metazoa, within total-group Holozoa (the sister clade to Fungi that includes Metazoa, Choanoflagellata, and Mesomycetozoea) or perhaps on even more distant branches in the eukaryote tree. They represent an evolutionary grade in which palintomic cleavage served the function of producing propagules for dispersion. 相似文献
90.