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41.
Andreas H. Hasler Robert J. Washabau 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1997,11(6):313-318
We have previously shown that cisapride, a substituted piperidinyl benzamide, stimulates contraction of healthy feline colonic smooth muscle. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of cisapride on feline idiopathic megacolonic smooth muscle function. Longitudinal smooth muscle strips from ascending and descending colon were obtained from cats with idiopathic megacolon, suspended in a 1.5 mM Ca2+-HEPES buffer solution (37°C, 100% O2, pH 7.4), attached to isometric force transducers, and stretched to optimal muscle length (L0). Control responses were obtained at each muscle site with acetylcholine (10–8 to 10 4 M), substance P (10–11 to 10-7 M), or potassium chloride (10 to 80 mM). Muscles were then stimulated with cumulative (10–9 to 10–6 M) doses of cisapride in the absence or presence of tetrodotoxin (10–6 M) and atropine (10–6 M), or in a 0 calcium HEPES buffer solution. In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. Cisapride-induced contractions were similar in magnitude to those induced by substance P and acetylcholine in the ascending colon, but were less than those observed in the descending colon. Cisapride-induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle were only partially inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine, but were virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium. We concluded that cisapride-induced contractions of feline megacolonic smooth muscle are largely smooth muscle mediated and dependent on influx of extracellular calcium. Cisapride-induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle are only partially dependent on enteric cholinergic nerves. Thus, cisapride may be useful in the treatment of cats with idiopathic megacolon. 相似文献
42.
Sara Kildgaard Maria Mansson Ina Dosen Andreas Klitgaard Jens C. Frisvad Thomas O. Larsen Kristian F. Nielsen 《Marine drugs》2014,12(6):3681-3705
In drug discovery, reliable and fast dereplication of known compounds is essential for identification of novel bioactive compounds. Here, we show an integrated approach using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS) providing both accurate mass full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem high resolution MS (MS/HRMS) data. The methodology was demonstrated on compounds from bioactive marine-derived strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Emericellopsis, including small polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenes, and meroterpenoids. The MS/HRMS data were then searched against an in-house MS/HRMS library of ~1300 compounds for unambiguous identification. The full scan MS data was used for dereplication of compounds not in the MS/HRMS library, combined with ultraviolet/visual (UV/Vis) and MS/HRMS data for faster exclusion of database search results. This led to the identification of four novel isomers of the known anticancer compound, asperphenamate. Except for very low intensity peaks, no false negatives were found using the MS/HRMS approach, which proved to be robust against poor data quality caused by system overload or loss of lock-mass. Only for small polyketides, like patulin, were both retention time and UV/Vis spectra necessary for unambiguous identification. For the ophiobolin family with many structurally similar analogues partly co-eluting, the peaks could be assigned correctly by combining MS/HRMS data and m/z of the [M + Na]+ ions. 相似文献
43.
Petra Hgy Lorenz Kottmann Iris Schmid Andreas Fangmeier 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(6):608-615
Atmospheric CO2 enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO2 enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (?19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO2 enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO2, but not so at elevated CO2. Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO2 enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention. 相似文献
44.
Franziska Löschenberger Andreas Fleck Heinrich Grausgruber Herbert Hetzendorfer Gerhard Hof Julia Lafferty Marion Marn Anton Neumayer Georg Pfaffinger Johann Birschitzky 《Euphytica》2008,163(3):469-480
Breeding for organic agriculture (BFOA) is a strategy for a commercial breeding company based on the exploitation of the frequently
observed high correlation for many traits between conventional, low input (LI) and organic agriculture (ORG). Indirect selection
under LI can be useful to roughly divide the germplasm into the genotypes better adapted to high input and those better adapted
to LI or ORG conditions. BFOA is an evolving process, in which two methods are currently applied: early generations are either
selected following the pedigree system under LI, or grown as bulk populations on ORG fields. In the latter case the system
switches to LI after individual ear selection under ORG conditions. In both methods, the first replicated yield trial is grown
parallel under ORG and LI. Subsequently, the genotypes are grouped into conventional or ORG advanced trial series. The BFOA
strategy allows that the larger genetic variability of both the organic and conventional gene pool can be exploited in the
selection for ORG. Hitherto, seven winter wheat varieties were released in Austria after exclusive organic VCU testing. 相似文献
45.
46.
Acoustic emission analysis of industrial plywood materials exposed to destructive tensile load 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Franziska Ritschel Yang Zhou Andreas J. Brunner Thomas Fillbrandt Peter Niemz 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(3):611-631
Several plywood materials made from spruce wood and, for comparison, solid spruce wood were investigated focusing on the sub-macroscopic damage evolution during tensile loading of the specimens. The destructive tests were simultaneously monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) method and strain field deformation measurement using digital image correlation (DIC). The bilinear interpretation of exponential defect growth identified the start of significant nonlinear behavior at 70 % of ultimate strength for all plywood materials. However, already the preceding and more stable damage evolution at lower stress levels has indicated a variation in intensity of the source mechanisms evaluated by AE energy of the detected events. Additional information on the formation of strain field concentration, which correlates with discrete accumulation in AE events and increased spreading in the distribution of AE energy, reveals the complexity of pre-damage due to the variation in cracks’ magnitude and timescales involved. The correlation between ultimate tensile strength and damage accumulation below 70 % of ultimate strength is determined, as well as the influence of layered structures on damage size shown by the percentage distribution of AE energy. 相似文献
47.
Arabinogalactan protein JC from Jatropha curcas seed endosperm (mean molecular weight 140 kDa) was isolated by cold water extraction and characterized concerning sugar and amino acid composition. At 10 and 100 µg/mL JC stimulated mitochondrial activity (MTT test) of human skin cells (HaCaT keratinocytes, fibroblasts) and the ATP status of primary keratinocytes. JC did not influence the cellular proliferation, while primary keratinocytes were triggered into differentiation status. Investigations on a potential mode of action of JC were performed on complex organotypic skin equivalents. JC induced the production of HGF, KGF and TGFβ, with TGFβ being the main inductor for the differentiation-inducing effect of JC. Also the expression of GM-CSF was stimulated strongly by JC. 相似文献
48.
Pascale Affolter Ulf Büntgen Jan Esper Andreas Rigling Pascale Weber Jürg Luterbacher David Frank 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(3):289-298
Tree rings from the Alpine area have been widely used to reconstruct variations in summer temperature. In contrast, estimates
of changes in the hydrological cycle are rather scarce. In order to detect altitudinal and species-specific patterns of growth
responses to anomalous dry and wet conditions, a large network of 53 tree-ring width site chronologies along the Rhone valley
(Valais, Switzerland) covering the 1751–2005 period was compiled and analyzed. A total of 1,605 measurement series from four
conifer species—pine, larch, spruce, fir—were detrended to allow inter-annual to multi-decadal scale variability to be preserved.
Site chronologies were combined to four altitudinal (colline: <800 m asl, sub-montane: 800–1,000 m asl, montane: 1,000–1,450 m
asl, sub-alpine: >1,450 m asl) and species-specific mean time-series. These records were compared with temperature, precipitation,
and drought (scPDSI) data. Among the altitudinal records, the colline chronologies showed highest correlation with June precipitation
and scPDSI (0.5 and 0.7). Altitudinal effects, via control on climatic conditions, were superimposed upon species-specific
characteristics in affecting tree growth and response to moisture variations. In particular, species-specific differences
affected the significance level of drought response, with decreasing drought sensitivity towards higher elevations. Growth
conditions were found to be optimal at ~1,300 m asl, with precipitation/drought limiting tree growth below and temperature
above. Common years of extreme drought and low growth for the colline sites occurred in 1921, 1944, 1976, 1992, and 1998.
Our results demonstrate the potential of lower elevation conifers for reconstructing long-term changes in Alpine hydro-climate. 相似文献
49.
Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies,differences, and the role of flexibility 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Various approaches have been developed to achieve sustainability in forestry, under changing social needs and, consequently,
changing definitions of sustainability. This has led to the confusing situation in which various groups have different understandings
of the meaning of ‘sustainability’. Likewise, the concepts utilized to achieve sustainability, often with a poorly defined
objective, are sometimes not clear and/or inconsistent as a systematic overview regarding definitions and concepts is lacking.
Based on a literature review, this paper discusses related terms such as sustainability, sustained yield management, sustainable
forestry, sustainable forest management and sustainable development: their history, concepts and relationships, from a European
perspective. Finally, flexibility is proposed as a solution to overcome the identified shortcomings at all scales, while focussing
on the enterprise level. The origin of the sustainability concept in forestry was first driven by forest experts, while participatory
elements have been considered since the more recent idea of sustainable development. Since then, much effort has been made
to achieve intragenerational fairness by creating an improved participatory process. Concurrently, the original idea of sustainable
forestry as long-term and future-oriented management, considering future generations’ needs fell behind. An increasing standing
timber volume in Europe and the discussion on climate change brought new interest in how to cope with risks in the context
of pervasive future uncertainties within the scope of promoting sustainable development. Although the consideration of risk
has been concentrated on as a topic in forest science in recent years, studies have mainly focused on the enhancement of forest
resistance against disturbances. However, precaution and risk avoidance alone are probably insufficient to achieve an improved
sustainable development that focuses on intergenerational fairness, as these more defensive approaches may disregard important
management opportunities involved with an uncertain future. A perhaps more promising approach, the idea of future options
and the ability to respond to changing social and biophysical circumstances (i.e. flexibility) as criteria for sustainable
development have only shown a shadowy existence up to now. To further develop the consistency of sustainability concepts,
a shift of sustainability approaches from continuity towards flexibility options is proposed. 相似文献
50.
Radial stem growth in response to microclimate and soil moisture in a drought-prone mixed coniferous forest at an inner Alpine site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Walter Oberhuber Andreas Gruber Werner Kofler Irene Swidrak 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(3):467-479
Dendroclimatological studies in a dry inner Alpine environment (750 m a.s.l.) revealed different growth response of co-occurring coniferous species to climate, which is assumed to be caused by a temporal shift in wood formation among species. The main focus of this study therefore was to monitor intra-annual dynamics of radial increment growth of mature deciduous and evergreen coniferous species (Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua and Picea abies) during two consecutive years with contrasting climatic conditions. Radial stem growth was continuously followed by band dendrometers and modelled using Gompertz functions to determine time of maximum growth. Histological analyses of tree ring formation allowed determination of temporal dynamics of cambial activity and xylem cell development. Daily fluctuations in stem radius and radial stem increments were extracted from dendrometer traces, and correlations with environmental variables were performed. While a shift in temporal dynamics of radial growth onset and cessation was detected among co-occurring species, intra-annual radial growth peaked synchronously in late May 2011 and early June 2012. Moist atmospheric conditions, i.e. high relative air humidity, low vapour pressure deficit and low air temperature during the main growing period, favoured radial stem increment of all species. Soil water content and soil temperature were not significantly related to radial growth. Although a temporal shift in onset and cessation of wood formation was detected among species, synchronous culmination of radial growth indicates homogenous exogenous and/or endogenous control. The close coupling of radial growth to atmospheric conditions points to the importance of stem water status for intra-annual growth of drought-prone conifers. 相似文献