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71.
Viscosity of fluids in subduction zones 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The viscosities of aqueous fluids with 10 to 80 weight percent dissolved silicates have been measured at 600 degrees to 950 degrees C and 1.0 to 2.0 gigapascals by in situ observation of falling spheres in the diamond anvil cell. The viscosities at 800 degrees C range from 10(-4) to 10(0.5) pascal seconds. The combination of low viscosities with a favorable wetting angle makes silicate-rich fluid an efficient agent for material transport at low-volume fractions. Our results therefore suggest that there may be a direct relationship between the position of the volcanic front and the onset of complete miscibility between water and silicate melt in the subducting slab. 相似文献
72.
Mueller CA Broz P Müller SA Ringler P Erne-Brand F Sorg I Kuhn M Engel A Cornelis GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5748):674-676
Many pathogenic bacteria use injectisomes to deliver effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion. Injectisomes consist of a basal body embedded in the bacterial membranes and a needle. In Yersinia, translocation of effectors requires the YopB and YopD proteins, which form a pore in the target cell membrane, and the LcrV protein, which assists the assembly of the pore. Here we report that LcrV forms a distinct structure at the tip of the needle, the tip complex. This unique localization of LcrV may explain its crucial role in the translocation process and its efficacy as the main protective antigen against plague. 相似文献
73.
The extent to which synaptic activity can signal a sensory stimulus limits the information available to a neuron. We determined the contribution of individual synapses to sensory representation by recording excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in cerebellar granule cells during a time-varying, quantifiable vestibular stimulus. Vestibular-sensitive synapses faithfully reported direction and velocity, rather than position or acceleration of whole-body motion, via bidirectional modulation of EPSC frequency. The lack of short-term synaptic dynamics ensured a highly linear relationship between velocity and charge transfer, and as few as 100 synapses provided resolution approaching psychophysical limits. This indicates that highly accurate stimulus representation can be achieved by small networks and even within single neurons. 相似文献
74.
Recent discourse in the field of participatory agricultural research has focused on how to blend various forms and intensities
of stakeholder participation with quality agricultural science, moving beyond the simple “farmer-first” ideology of the 1980s
and early 1990s. Yet, most existing frameworks of participation in agricultural research still adhere to a linear typology
of participatory research with an inherent claim of “the more participation, the better.” In this article, we propose a new
framework that looks at participatory research elements along different dimensions and attributes and thus takes into account
the diversity and dynamics of agricultural research projects. The framework provides a basis for agricultural researchers
engaged in participatory processes with local stakeholders to decide for which issues and in which phases certain participatory
elements could be used in a specific research context. Rather than aiming at maximizing the adoption of participatory methods,
it can thus become a tool for optimizing the use of participatory approaches in agricultural research. We conclude that this
framework can be a starting point for a more thoughtful integration of participatory elements in agricultural research projects
that does justice to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of stakeholder participation in varying contexts. 相似文献
75.
Quirrenbach A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5836):325-326
76.
Meyer-Lindenberg A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5890):778-780
77.
Garzione CN Hoke GD Libarkin JC Withers S MacFadden B Eiler J Ghosh P Mulch A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5881):1304-1307
The surface uplift of mountain belts is generally assumed to reflect progressive shortening and crustal thickening, leading to their gradual rise. Recent studies of the Andes indicate that their elevation remained relatively stable for long periods (tens of millions of years), separated by rapid (1 to 4 million years) changes of 1.5 kilometers or more. Periodic punctuated surface uplift of mountain belts probably reflects the rapid removal of unstable, dense lower lithosphere after long-term thickening of the crust and lithospheric mantle. 相似文献
78.
Siegert MJ Welch B Morse D Vieli A Blankenship DD Joughin I King EC Vieli GJ Payne AJ Jacobel R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5692):1948-1951
Upstream of Byrd Station (West Antarctica), ice-penetrating radar data reveal a distinctive fold structure within the ice, in which isochronous layers are unusually deep. The fold has an axis more than 50 kilometers long, which is aligned up to 45 degrees to the ice flow direction. Although explanations for the fold's formation under the present flow are problematic, it can be explained if flow was parallel to the fold axis approximately 1500 years ago. This flow change may be associated with ice stream alterations nearer the margin. If this is true, central West Antarctica may respond to future alterations more than previously thought. 相似文献
79.
80.
Colbourne JK Pfrender ME Gilbert D Thomas WK Tucker A Oakley TH Tokishita S Aerts A Arnold GJ Basu MK Bauer DJ Cáceres CE Carmel L Casola C Choi JH Detter JC Dong Q Dusheyko S Eads BD Fröhlich T Geiler-Samerotte KA Gerlach D Hatcher P Jogdeo S Krijgsveld J Kriventseva EV Kültz D Laforsch C Lindquist E Lopez J Manak JR Muller J Pangilinan J Patwardhan RP Pitluck S Pritham EJ Rechtsteiner A Rho M Rogozin IB Sakarya O Salamov A Schaack S Shapiro H Shiga Y Skalitzky C Smith Z Souvorov A Sung W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6017):555-561
We describe the draft genome of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex, which is only 200 megabases and contains at least 30,907 genes. The high gene count is a consequence of an elevated rate of gene duplication resulting in tandem gene clusters. More than a third of Daphnia's genes have no detectable homologs in any other available proteome, and the most amplified gene families are specific to the Daphnia lineage. The coexpansion of gene families interacting within metabolic pathways suggests that the maintenance of duplicated genes is not random, and the analysis of gene expression under different environmental conditions reveals that numerous paralogs acquire divergent expression patterns soon after duplication. Daphnia-specific genes, including many additional loci within sequenced regions that are otherwise devoid of annotations, are the most responsive genes to ecological challenges. 相似文献