不同养分管理对东北东部半山区地下饮用水硝态氮的影响

为了探讨不同养分管理方式对东北东部半山区村镇地下饮用水水质的影响,该文在辽宁省清原满族自治县选择典型地下饮用水源区域,通过近2 a的田间试验,研究结果表明：常规养分管理和农田养分管理施氮量分别为240 kg/hm2和192 kg/hm2,与常规养分管理相比,农田养分管理处理氮肥农学生产力显著高于常规养分管理处理,提高了22.47%;浅地下水埋深区,地下水硝态氮质量浓度增幅为深地下水埋深区1.6倍;减N 20%农田养分管理措施实施后,区域地下水硝态氮质量浓度较常规养分管理措施削减了51.19%。因此,采取农田养分管理措施降低了农田施肥对浅层地下饮用水源地污染风险,这对于村镇地下饮用水水源地的保护及村镇居民安全饮水具有重要意义。     

Silicon Application by Sorghum Through the Alleviation of Stress-Induced Increase in Hydraulic Resistance

In this study, it was verified whether silicon (Si) affected plant hydraulic resistance, which was one of the significant factors affecting water uptake. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. was grown hydroponically under varying silicon levels and exposed to osmotic stresses. Under osmotic stress, reduction in growth, photosynthesis, and transpiration were alleviated as supplied silicon levels increased. These alleviative effects were ascribed to enhancement of water uptake. Although shoot/root ratio was not affected by silicon, estimated apparent hydraulic resistance was lower in silicon-supplied sorghum than silicon-deficient one under osmotic stress. Simultaneous measurement of transpiration and water uptake rates indicated that under osmotic stress silicon-deficient sorghums showed unbalanced water relation that transpiration rate exceeded water uptake rate, while they were balanced in silicon-supplied sorghums. The results indicated that silicon improved hydraulic resistance, allowing sorghum to avoid from decrease in water uptake rate that happens to silicon-deficient sorghum under water stress.     

Amino acid catalysis of 2-alkylfuran formation from lipid oxidation-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes

The formation of 2-alkylfurans from the corresponding lipid-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under dry-roasting conditions was investigated in detail. The addition of an amino acid to an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde drastically increased 2-alkylfuran formation. Peptides and proteins as well were able to catalyze 2-alkylfuran formation from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Further investigation of 2-alkylfuran formation showed the need of oxidizing conditions and the involvement of radicals in the reaction. This way, the formation of 2-methylfuran from 2-pentenal, 2-ethylfuran from 2-hexenal, 2-propylfuran from 2-heptenal, 2-butylfuran from 2-octenal, 2-pentylfuran from 2-nonenal, and 2-hexylfuran from 2-decenal was shown. The impact of amino acids on 2-alkylfuran formation from lipid-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes represents an interesting example of the complex role of amino acids in the multitude of chemical reactions occurring during thermal processing of lipid-rich foods.     

Spatial distribution pattern changes of oasis soil types in Manasi River Basin,arid northwestern China

Soil distribution pattern play a significant role in the stability conservation and economic development of oasis in arid regions. Hence, ecologists and agrology scientists have a central interest in understanding the spatial distribution changes of soil types. The aim of this study was to analyze the main processes of soil distribution pattern changes from 1987 to 2006 through the landscape indexes. Soil types and soil distribution pattern changes were assessed and compared by using two soil maps made in 1987 and 2006. 14 soil types were classified and analyzed in the study area. Results indicated many differences among the changes of different soil types. During the period from 1987 to 2006, there were widespread changes in spatial distribution of soil types in Manasi River Basin at class-level. The area of Petrocambids decreased, whereas Aquicambids increased. The small patches began to coalesce into large ones and the patch numbers decreased during the past 20 years, which brought about the fragmentation decrease in Manasi River Basin. In contrast to the decrease of the patch density, the average patch area of 12 soil types increased. With the increasing man-made disturbance, more soil type patches, especially the agricultural soil patches were close to square in shape. During the recent 20 years, the decreased patch shape indexes occupied about 57% of all while the increased patch shape indexes were over 40%. The split index of most soil types has also declined during the same period. The landscape-level indexes also reflected the spatial distribution changes of oasis soil types. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index have increased while the landscape dominance index has decreased in the recent 20 years, which showed that more equirotal soil patches were formed and various soil types dominated the soil landscape in Manasi River Basin. Changes of different soil types are one of major indictors to show environment changes and impacts of human activities. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the study of soil type changes in the arid and semiarid region.     

Mechanistic insights into furan formation in Maillard model systems

Furan has recently received considerable attention as a possibly carcinogenic compound occurring in thermally processed foods. Although several food constituents have been identified as furan precursors, multiple formation pathways remain unclear. Therefore, the mechanisms of furan formation in Maillard model systems were studied by means of the carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) technique. Under both roasting and pressure-cooking conditions, furan was formed from glucose via the intact skeleton, and its formation pathways from glucose alone were not amino acid-dependent. However, some amino acids, especially alanine and serine, did influence the furan production by providing an additional formation pathway. Furthermore, most amino acids enhanced the furan production from glucose. Roasting conditions produced 25-100 times higher amounts of furan as compared to pressure-cooking conditions. Surprisingly, in the alanine/glucose model systems, the relative importance of furan production from glucose alone and from the combination of a glucose-derived and an alanine-derived fragment changed completely over a limited time course of 60 min.     

In situ analysis and structural elucidation of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) tannins for high-throughput germplasm screening

A rapid thiolytic degradation and cleanup procedure was developed for analyzing tannins directly in chlorophyll-containing sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) plants. The technique proved suitable for complex tannin mixtures containing catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin flavan-3-ol units. The reaction time was standardized at 60 min to minimize the loss of structural information as a result of epimerization and degradation of terminal flavan-3-ol units. The results were evaluated by separate analysis of extractable and unextractable tannins, which accounted for 63.6-113.7% of the in situ plant tannins. It is of note that 70% aqueous acetone extracted tannins with a lower mean degree of polymerization (mDP) than was found for tannins analyzed in situ. Extractable tannins had between 4 and 29 lower mDP values. The method was validated by comparing results from individual and mixed sample sets. The tannin composition of different sainfoin accessions covered a range of mDP values from 16 to 83, procyanidin/prodelphinidin (PC/PD) ratios from 19.2/80.8 to 45.6/54.4, and cis/trans ratios from 74.1/25.9 to 88.0/12.0. This is the first high-throughput screening method that is suitable for analyzing condensed tannin contents and structural composition directly in green plant tissue.     

蔬菜钵苗旋转式取苗机构动力学分析与试验

针对一种应用于蔬菜钵苗全自动移栽机的旋转式取苗机构——偏心齿轮-非圆齿轮行星系取苗机构,建立机构的动力学模型,采用动力学方程组序列求解法进行求解,得到机构在一个工作周期内链条、太阳轮轴心、中间轮轴心、行星轮轴心、太阳轮与中间轮啮合点、中间轮与行星轮啮合点等处的受力随行星架转角变化的规律。设计了机构的物理样机,开展机构动力学试验,测试得到机构物理样机在4种不同工作转速下的动力学特性,同时验证了机构动力学模型的正确性。     

瓜类嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置的设计

设计了一种新型嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置,可实现嫁接苗的定位、断根和夹取功能。新型上苗定位装置由滑块摇杆收拢机构和夹取断根机构两个部分构成,针对幼苗定位连杆末端需形成包络轨迹将嫁接苗包住的农艺要求,进行机构的数学建模和仿真优化,得到了最佳的结构参数。以“拿铁砧”葫芦苗为对象取苗进行试验,其定位夹持的成功率达93%以上,符合自动嫁接需求。