几种常用渔药对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus(Miers)稚蟹的急性毒性试验

采用常温静水实验法.对Ⅰ～Ⅱ期梭子蟹稚蟹(平均体长0.2～0.3 cm)进行急性毒性试验,结果表明:在水温26.2～27.8℃F,6种渔用药物对梭子蟹Ⅰ～Ⅱ期稚蟹的96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为硫酸铜1.4 mg/L、纤虫清2.5 mg/L、清苔净16 mg/L、二氧化氯3.7 mg/L、强力杀菌消毒剂4.2 mg/L、二溴海因36.8 mg/L;安全浓度(Sc)分别为硫酸铜0.47 mg/L、纤虫清0.62mg/L、清苔净4.1 mg/L、强力杀菌消毒剂1.1 mg/L、二氧化氯1.1 mg/L、二溴海因13 mg/L.梭子蟹对上述药物的敏感性分别为硫酸铜＞纤虫清＞三氯异氰尿酸钠＞二氧化氯＞二溴海因＞清苔净.其中硫酸铜、纤虫清的安全浓度相对较低,在梭子蟹养殖过程当中应谨慎使用.     

中华鳖脾脏雄激素受体mRNA 的原位杂交检测

采用原位杂交技术（In situ hybridization,ISH）研究雄激素受体（Androgen receptor,AR）mRNA在中华鳖（Pelodiseus Sinensis）脾脏的存在及细胞定位。取5只健康成年中华鳖的脾脏,进行石蜡切片。用地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针对组织切片进行原位杂交（In situ hybridization,ISH）,检测雄激素受体mRNA在脾脏免疫细胞内的表达定位。结果显示,大部分雄激素受体mRNA阳性细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,数量少胞体大且呈不规则形。阳性细胞在脾脏动脉周围淋巴鞘（Pefiatefial lymphatic sheath,PALS）和红髓（Red pulp,RP）内分布密集。椭球周围淋巴鞘（Periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath,PELS）内AR mRNA阳性细胞分布极少。杂交阳性信号物质在细胞质和细胞核均有分布。在标记为阳性的中华鳖脾脏中,推测圆形的阳性细胞可能为B淋巴细胞,而另一部分胞体大且形状不规则的阳性细胞则可能为巨噬细胞。脾脏内AR mRNA的存在进一步证实雄激素可能是调节脾脏等免疫器官功能的因素之一。[中国水产科学,2008,15（2）：337—341]     

水产养殖用水估价模型研究

水产养殖行业中,水资源利用效率低下,以及环境污染日益增加的主要原因,是水资源稀缺以及环境的消极外部影响的不合理体现所致.根据水产养殖用水的资源特性,水产养殖用水的评价模型已经建立起来了.该模型用水资源影子价格来确定资源水价的比例,用环境外部性来确定环境水价的比例.与此同时,探索和讨论养殖用水评价模型的途径和方法也已经构建起来了.运用水产养殖用水水价估值模型来计算2008年上海淡水池塘养殖用水的价格,其中资源水价部分(P1)为3.07元,环境水价部分(P2)为0.61元,折算系数(r)为0.95,计算得到每吨的价格为3.65元.     

Conserving indigenous crayfish: stock assessment and habitat requirements in the threatened Austropotamobius italicus

• 1. As part of the Austropotamobius pallipes species complex, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus is a species of community interest whose preservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Annex II, EU Habitats Directive). This study aimed at (1) assessing the conservation status of this threatened indigenous species by stock assessment in central Italy and (2) identifying some aspects of its elective habitat.
• 2. Surveys were conducted in nine streams harbouring A. italicus (streams WI) and in 10 streams where crayfish populations became extinct at least 5 years before the study (streams WO).
• 3. The results confirmed that A. italicus is a K‐selected species, with a relatively slow growth rate (males: 0.34; females: 0.37) and a long life expectancy (males: 8.2 years; females: 7.8 years). The extant populations are healthy, showing balanced sex‐ratios and well structured age‐class compositions. Mortality is mainly due to fishing, which is illegal in Tuscany.
• 4. Principal Components Analyses showed that the streams WI and WO differ in the abundance of allochthonous plant detritus but not in the taxonomic composition of their macroinvertebrate communities. Age classes were found to be spatially segregated, juveniles mainly using cobbles as substrates and adults seemingly avoiding them.
• 5. The loss of the pristine riverine landscape seems to have been responsible, together with illegal fishing, for the local extinction of the species. As a consequence, retaining, enhancing, and restoring the habitat and its complexity are required for the preservation of A. italicus.
• 6. The designation of SACs might help in this endeavour if accompanied by programmes aimed at publicizing the need for conservation of this species. Unfortunately, crayfish‐focused projects supported by LIFE in Italy since 1992 (4%) and the SACs involved (1.4%) have been relatively few, despite the poor conservation status of this species and its well recognized ecological role.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

Effects of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin on the fecundity and lipid content of pond-reared Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock

Five diets that contained fresh squid meat as the basic constituent and were supplemented with different amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and astaxanthin were fed to pond‐reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. Diet A was sole squid meat. Diets B and C were supplemented with astaxanthin 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 respectively. Diets D and E were supplemented with HUFA 5 and 10 g kg^?1 and astaxanthin 50 mg kg^?1 respectively. The result showed that the group fed diet E had the best reproductive performance in all experimental groups. It had a higher proportion of spawns (71.5%), spawning rate (0.047), a shorter latency period (7.7±0.3 d), higher absolute fecundity (× 10³) (361.6±5.5) and egg production/female (× 10³) (597.0±18.0) than all the other experimental groups. The fatty acid composition in broodstock diets strongly affected the tissue and fecundity of broodstock. Good correlations between the content of 20:4n‐6 in eggs and the fecundity (r²=0.6109) and egg production (r²=0.9876) of broodstock were found. On the other hand, 22:6n‐3 and DHA/EPA ratio was negatively correlated with the fecundity of broodstock (r²=0.5362, 0.8702 respectively). The result also showed that the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid families, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acid and 20:5n‐3 (EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) may play vital roles in maturation and reproductive performance of P. monodon broodstock.     

The pond's shape matters: differential growth,physiological condition and survival of epibenthic Farfantepenaeus aztecus postlarvae

As a function of the water quality provided by square, circular and oval experimental ponds, the growth, survival and oxygen requirements in epibenthic postlarvae of Farfantepenaeus aztecus were analysed in relation to their routine metabolism and apparent heat increment. Temperature, oxygen concentration, pH and salinity were measured daily in two experimental ponds of each shape. The postlarvae oxygen consumption during two 24‐h cycles, their growth, physiological condition and survival and the productivity in the ponds were estimated. Low values of pH, oxygen concentration and phytobenthos productivity, and reduced postlarvae relative growth and survival were observed in the square ponds. We suggest that the latter results from a deficient water circulation related to the effect of the pond's shape on dissolved oxygen levels and, consequently, on growth and survival. The postlarvae routine metabolism, including feeding, varied between 1.91 and 2.25 mg O₂ h^?1 g^?1 wet weight, whereas the minimum oxygen concentration needed in the ponds is approximately 4.25 mg O₂ L^?1. These conditions were achieved in the oval ponds concurrent with higher survival and growth values, in which individuals distributed randomly, for which we suggest that oval‐shaped ponds could be the most adequate for the culture of this and other penaeid species.     

南海北部张网主要技术参数的变化分析

根据2000～2005年和1983～1985年渔具渔法调查资料,对南海北部张网主要技术参数进行了比较分析。结果表明,与1983～1985年相比,现阶段张网网口纲长、网口网目尺寸和网身末段网目尺寸等稍有增大,网衣拉直长、网囊长和网囊网目尺寸等略有减小,网身长与网囊长之比、网身大头宽与小头宽之比等明显增大,其平均值分别由原来的5．8：1、19．8：1增至现在的13．8：1和26．2：1。张网主要技术参数的变化反映了张网渔具结构已经随着渔业资源的衰退发生了变化,但这种变化并不是积极的、革命性的改革。为合理利用渔业资源和促进张网渔业可持续发展,应根据南海北部渔业资源的特点研究相适应的选择性张网捕捞技术或装置,减少对幼鱼、幼虾资源的损害。     

鲸类体内持久性有机氯残留研究的进展

文章综述了20世纪70年代以来有关鲸类体内持久性有机氯（persistent organochlorines,POs）的研究进展和概况,包括鲸类体内POs残留水平的分析方法;POs进入鲸体内的方式及消除途径;鲸类体内POs的残留水平;POs对鲸的有害影响;鲸类体内POs污染的毒性评价。通过分析表明,POs对海洋生态系统的影响还将持续很长时间,中国应进一步研究近岸海域哺乳动物POs的长期污染效应,进而更深入地研究其环境行为、归宿和影响效应。     

半高丛越橘果实香气成分的GC—MS分析

采用静态顶空和气相色谱—质谱联用技术,以半高丛越橘品种北陆、圣云和北蓝为材料,研究了半高丛越橘果实香气成分。结果表明,半高丛越橘以醇类、酯类、萜类和酮类物质为主。共检测出39种挥发性成分,其中北陆检测出16种,圣云17种,北蓝23种。2-甲基丁酸乙酯和β-芳樟醇是半高丛越橘的特征香气,构成了半高丛越橘特有的香气,同时乙酸丁酯、2-丁酮、D-柠檬酸为北陆的特征香气,丁酸乙酯、2-丁酮为圣云的特征香气,丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、己醛为北蓝的特征香气成分,品种间特征香气的差异形成了半高丛越橘品种间独特的风味。