日粮维生素E水平对感染巨型艾美耳球虫肉仔鸡的影响

1　引言　维生素 E( D- a-生育酚 ;AT)是一种对鸡正常生长、发育所必需的多功能的营养素 ,为了增加稳定性 ,AT一般以 DL- a-生育胺醋酸盐 ( VE- AC)的形式 ,按 1 7mg/ kg～ 48mg/ kg,加入商品鸡饲料中。在摄食之后 ,VE- AC分解 ,以未酯化形式 ,通过肠上皮细胞被吸收。它容易进入细胞膜 ,提高了抗氧化能力 ,保护自由基的氧化过程。 AT对鸡也具有免疫调节剂的功能。曾报道日粮中添加量高 ,能增强抗埃希杆菌属大肠菌感染和对传染性粘液囊疾病和鸡新城疫产生体液反应。E.maxima寄生在小肠中段 ,是鸡的球虫感染中最具免疫原性的。鸡的主…     

Surgical treatment of sacral fracture in a horse

An 8-year-old Arabian stallion had signs of severe tailhead pruritus and slowly progressive loss of tail tone for 3 months. Palpation per rectum and radiography of the sacrocaudal region revealed a transverse, ventrally displaced fracture of the caudal portion of the sacrum. Surgical decompression and tail amputation resulted in complete recovery of athletic and reproductive function. Evidence of cauda equina neuritis was not seen on histologic examination of nerve roots obtained at surgery.     

Occurrence and characterization of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins mediated by β-lactamase CMY-2 in Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals in Canada

Resistance of Salmonella to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is being reported with increasing frequency. In humans, infections with Salmonella resistant to ESCs threaten the efficacy of ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for treating salmonellosis in children. To determine the occurrence of resistance to ESCs, we examined 8426 strains isolated from food-producing animals in Canada in 1994–99 for reduced susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone. Of the 8 such strains identified (7 from turkeys and 1 from cattle), 5 had reduced susceptibility, and 3 were resistant; 2 were isolated in 1995, 1 was isolated in each of 1996 and 1997, and 4 were isolated in 1999. Isoelectric focusing showed that all 8 isolates produced a β-lactamase with a pI ≥ 9. The strains were resistant to cefoxitin and not inhibited by clavulanic acid. Primers specific for the Citrobacter freundii bla_AmpC gene produced the expected product in the polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequencing showed that all isolates possessed the bla_CMY-2 gene. Plasmid DNA from all 8 isolates transformed Escherichia coli DH10B, whereas only 1 isolate transferred bla_CMY-2 conjugally. All transformants and the transconjugant were resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Southern blots of plasmids from the isolates, the transformants, and the transconjugant showed that bla_CMY-2 was located on similar-sized plasmids (60 or 90 MDa) in the transformants and the transconjugant. In the S. Typhimurium DT104 and S. Ohio isolates, the flo_St gene was found on the same plasmid. Class 1 integrons with the aadB gene cassette were detected in the S. Bredeney isolates but not in their transformants or the transconjugant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid profiles indicated that both clonal dispersion and horizontal transfer of bla_CMY-2 may have caused dissemination of the resistance determinant.     

EVALUATION OF A HARDJO-POMONA VACCINE TO PREVENT LEPTOSPIRURIA IN CATTLE EXPOSED TO A NATURAL CHALLENGE WITH LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO

SUMMARY The efficacy of a vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated in a group of dairy heifers that were serologically negative at the time of vaccination and later subjected to natural challenge with L. interogans serovar hardjo. Thirty-nine heifers were vaccinated twice, at a one-month interval, with a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine, while 43 unvaccinated heifers were used as controls. After vaccination, microscopic agglutination (MA) titres of serums to L. interrogans serovar hardjo ranged from 32 to 512, and those to L. interrogans serovar pomona ranged from 32 to 2048. Titres resulting from vaccination were short-lived and after the first vaccination the serums of 95% of vaccinated heifers did not react in the MA test by 24 weeks. The first indication of infection in the heifers was noted at week 6, and by week 16, elevated MA titres (≥128) to L. interrogans serovar hardjo had occurred in 62% of unvaccinated heifers and had increased to 85% by week 24. At week 18, 18% of the vaccinated heifers and 56% of the unvaccinated heifers had leptospiruria (p<0.01); after 22 weeks, 13% of the vaccinated heifers and 58% of the unvaccinated heifers showed evidence of leptospiruria (p<0.01).     

Boluses of controlled release glass for supplementing ruminants with copper

A controlled release glass was formulated into boluses weighing approximately 17 g or 75 g and administered to 19 lambs and 20 steers respectively. The animals were at pasture during the summer months. The lambs were slaughtered between 57 and 219 days after dosing when the mean concentration of copper in their livers had increased to 107.8 +/- 33.4 mg copper/kg fresh weight compared with 55.9 +/- 23.0 mg copper/kg fresh weight in undosed controls. The steers were slaughtered more than 140 days after dosing; the mean concentrations of copper in plasma had increased and the mean concentration of copper in liver was significantly greater than in undosed control steers (14.1 +/- 4.8 mg copper/kg fresh weight liver in dosed steers, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg copper/kg in control steers) and was similar to the concentration in steers which had received 200 mg copper as copper calcium edetate (18.2 +/- 4.2 mg copper/kg fresh weight). In sheep the minimum rate of release of copper into the reticulorumen was 2.1 mg/day and in steers 11 mg/day.     

Effects of training on muscle composition in horses

Biopsy samples were obtained from the middle gluteal muscle of 10 Thoroughbred horses undergoing a commercial race-training program. Samples were obtained before the program began and again after 6 and 12 weeks of training. All horses had raced at least once by the 12th week of training. Serial sections of muscle were examined histochemically for myosin adenosinetriphosphatase after either acid (pH 4.3 and 4.6) or alkaline (pH 10.3) preincubation, and then muscle fibers were identified as types I, IIA, IIB, or IIC. The oxidative capacity of individual fibers was assessed, using the reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium-reductase stain, and the number of intermyofibrillar capillaries adjacent to each fiber were counted after staining, using the alpha-amylase-periodic acid-Schiff technique. Biochemical analyses involved the fluorometric measurement of 3 enzymes--citrate synthase, 3-hydroxy-acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase--as markers of end terminal oxidative, beta-oxidative, and glycolytic potentials, respectively. Changes in fiber-type percentages did not occur in response to training. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the percentage of type IIB fibers, having high nicotinamide dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase staining after 12 weeks of training. Alterations in the number of capillaries adjacent to each fiber type did not occur during the training period. There were increases in the activities of both citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy-acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase after 6 weeks (P less than 0.05) and 12 weeks (P less than 0.001) of training. Alterations in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase did not occur in response to training.     

Carbohydrate nutrition.

An understanding of carbohydrate nutrition is essential to optimize production of dairy cattle. Two rations, both of which appear to be balanced, may have dramatically different results when fed to high-producing dairy cattle. Carbohydrates directly affect microbial protein production and therefore protein nutrition of dairy cattle. Energy intake can be maximized by considering the amount and type of carbohydrate in the ration: 1. The fiber level of the ration should be evaluated. NDF levels should be between 25 and 30% for high-producing cows in early lactation. Within this range, less fiber is required with adequate forage particle length and high frequency of grain feeding, and when buffers are fed and slowly fermented NSC sources are included in the ratio. For mid- and late-lactation cows, fiber levels are higher, ranging between 30 and 36% NDF depending upon the energy required to support milk production and restoration of body condition. 2. Provide adequate effective fiber. There should be some forage particles 1.5 in long in the ration. Limit most high-fiber byproducts to 25% of fiber requirements. 3. Feed highly digestible fiber sources. Differences in fiber digestibility of 30% will result in over 4 Mcal of NEL per day with 15 lb NDF intake. In addition, highly digestible fiber has less gut fill effect, possibly increasing dry matter intake. 4. Consider site of starch digestion. Slowly degraded starch sources such as sorghum may require steam flaking to increase ruminal fermentation. Other situations may require the addition of a slowly degraded starch source. 5. Increase frequency of concentrate feeding. Feed grain at least four times per day or include in a total mixed ration. 6. Include buffers. Under some situations (corn silage, early lactation) buffers allow more grain to be fed. 7. Add fat. Fat supplementation to milking cows has become a common practice in high-producing herds. Fat has about three times the energy of cracked corn and is often used to replace a portion of the grain to increase the energy density of the ration. It is important to realize that fat can cost up to two to three times more per megacalorie of energy than grain. Before fat is added to the ration, less expensive ways to increase energy density (listed previously) should be thoroughly explored.     

Cardiopulmonary effects of a ketamine hydrochloride/acepromazine combination in healthy cats.

The effect of a ketamine hydrochloride/acepromazine combination on the cardiopulmonary function of 11 healthy cats was studied. Test parameters included cardiac output, measured by thermodilution, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) and arterial blood gas analysis. Values for systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index and stroke volume were calculated. The cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, arterial blood pressure and arterial blood pH decreased significantly (p less than 0.006). The arterial CO2 increased significantly (p less than 0.006). All changes occurred during the five to 45 minute postinduction time period. The heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial O2 and systemic vascular resistance were not significantly altered. The anesthetic regime maintained an adequate plane of surgical anesthesia for 30-45 minutes.