Motor disorders and impaired electrical power of pallidal EEG improved by gallic acid in animal model of Parkinson's disease

The aim of this study was evaluation the effect of Gallic acid on movement disorders and pallidal electrical power in animal model of Parkinson's Disease (PD). PD is clinically characterized by development of motor disturbances, such as bradykinesia, resting tremors, rigidity and a later loss ofpostural reflexes. Oxidative stress is a hallmark factor where the oxidation of dopamine generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and an unbalanced production ROS induces neuronal damage, therefor leading the neuronal death. Gallic Acid (GA) and its derivatives are present in the plant kingdom and acts as a potent antioxidant. Wistar male rats divided into seven groups randomly with 8 in each. Animals in all groups except control received 8 microg/2 microL 6-hydroxydopamine dissolved in normal saline contains 0.01% ascorbate or vehicle in right Medial Forbrain Bundle (MFB) and a bipolar wire electrode was implanted in the left globus pallidus nucleus of all animals under stereotaxic surgery. Two weeks later PD was approved by contralateral rotation signs induced by apomorphine and then movements and electrical power of pallidal were evaluated. Motor functions and pallidal electrical power were impaired and GA could improve motor dysfunctions and gamma wave power in parkinsonian rats' significantly with higher dose of GA (200 mg kg(-1)). Present result showed that GA may act as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger to reverse motor disorders and pallidal gamma wave power after 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in brain.     

Morphological and oil content variations amongst Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) landraces from different regions of Iran

Forty landraces of Damask rose were collected from 28 provinces (13 origin sites) in Iran and evaluated to determine the diversity among them. The investigated characters were: flower weight, flower diameter, peduncle length, number of petals, number of stamens and oil content. Pearson's coefficients showed that number of petals was positively correlated with flower weight (r = 0.642) and number of stamens (r = 0.630), while its correlation with peduncle length was negative (r = −0.53). A negative correlation was obtained between oil content and number of stamens (r = −0.60) which is useful for indirect selection of landraces with low number of stamens and therefore high amount of oil content. Cluster analysis based on five botanical characters and oil content separated the origin site 12, which included Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces with a specific climate condition of temperate humid, from other origin sites. This distinctiveness was already confirmed by the bi-plot of the principal components. The distribution of Damask rose landraces provided useful information for the future collection and for the genetic resource management in these origin sites.     

Humoral and cellular immune responses against Type I cysteine proteinase of Leishmania infantum are higher in asymptomatic than symptomatic dogs selected from a naturally infected population

Canids are natural reservoirs of Leishmania infantum and have been promoted as experimental hosts to decipher the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, the presence of IgG antibodies as well as the presence of mononuclear leukocytes reactive to different cysteine proteinases (CPs) were examined in 13 L. infantum-infected dogs (six with symptoms, seven asymptomatic). Cysteine proteinases which belong to papain-like enzymes known as clan CA are the most studied CPs of parasite protozoa. These molecules are expressed by the intracellular stages of the parasite and could be immunogenic. We studied Type II CP (CPA) and Type I CP (CPB) with its long C-terminal extension (CTE) which could be highly immunogenic. We showed that the level of antibodies reactive to rCPA is low in both symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. In contrast, when CPB and CTE were used as antigens, the level of total IgG (with IgG2 superior to IgG1) reached higher values in asymptomatic dogs than in dogs with VL. While the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) reactivity was significant when cultured in the presence of freezed/thawed (F/T) lysate, it remained low in presence of CP although always higher for PBMC recovered from asymptomatic dogs. We showed the importance of CPB and CTE in particular as a target of immune response and their potential use for serodiagnosis in asymptomatic dogs.     

Large-scale assessment of agricultural practices affecting Fusarium root rot and common bean yield

The relationships between a number of agronomic practices, Fusarium root rot (FRR) measurements and yield variables were characterized at different growth stages in 122 commercial bean fields in Zanjan, Iran. Mean FRR incidence, severity and index differed among growth stages and years. A lower FRR index at growth stage R9 and higher yields were detected in Red beans compared to Pinto and White beans. FRR severity affected the number of pods and seeds per plant. Despite the lack of an impact of initial drought on FRR and yield factors, FRR levels were higher following frequent irrigations at 2–3 days intervals than at longer intervals at R6-7. The highest FRR index at R6-7 (51.9%) and incidence at R9 (69.1%) were associated with the densest category of plant populations. Yield components differed significantly between the levels of plant density at R9. FRR levels at V3 were lower for June plantings than for May-second-week plantings. Lower FRR ratings and higher yields were detected at a seeding depth of 0–5 cm in comparison to 10–20 cm. At R9, FRR levels on beans following maize were lower than those following barley, bean, tomato or wheat. At V3, FRR severity was greater in fields that received 50–500 kg/ha of urea compared to non-fertilized fields. Greater mean FRR index at R6-7 and lower yield levels were associated with the greatest weed density compared to weed-free fields. This new information benefits the systematic understanding of interactions between bean yield, FRR and various agronomic variables at large-scale.     

The vibration-rotation emission spectrum of free BeH2

The gaseous BeH2 molecule has been synthesized by means of an electrical discharge inside a high-temperature furnace and identified with infrared emission spectroscopy. The antisymmetric stretching mode nu3 has been detected near 2179 reciprocal centimeters. The BeH2 molecule has a linear, symmetric structure with an r0 BeH bond length of 1.333761(2) angstroms.     

Decolorization of dyes using immobilized laccase enzyme on zinc ferrite nanoparticle from single and binary systems

In this paper, laccase enzyme was immobilized onto zinc ferrite nanoparticle and the characteristics of enzyme immobilized nanoparticle (EIN) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Enzymatic decolorization of dyes using EIN from single and binary systems was studied. Direct red 31 (DR31) and Acid blue 92 (AB92) were used as model dyes. The effects of several parameters such as EIN dosage, pH, and dye concentration on decolorization of dyes from single and binary systems were evaluated. The optimized amount of EIN, reaction time, and pH for decolorization of dyes from single and binary systems were 0.2 g (for DR31) and 0.3 g (for AB92), 40 min, and 3 in single systems and 0.2 g (for DR31 and AB92), 40 min, and 3 in binary systems, respectively. Dye decolorization kinetics followed Michaelis-Menten model. The results showed that enzymatic process using EIN was effective method to decolorize dyes from single and binary systems.     

Droplet-vitrification cryotherapy and thermotherapy as efficient tools for the eradication of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and apple stem grooving virus from virus-infected quince in vitro cultures

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Viral diseases affect quince plant productivity and fruit quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of droplet-vitrification cryotherapy and...     

Weed infestation is affected by chickpea farmer demographics and agronomic practices

To investigate the effects of agronomic practices and farmer demographics on levels of weed infestation in chickpea fields, a survey was conducted during 2015 in Sanjabi district, Kermanshah, Iran. Two sets of data were collected: (a) weed sampling from the selected chickpea fields, and (b) questionnaire recording of farmer demographics and agronomic management. The farmers were asked about their residence status (resident or migrant), occupation (farming only, farming plus a second job), experience and education levels, as well as seedbed preparation, sowing date and method, source of seed supply, crop cultivar, sowing seed rate, weed control operation and crop rotation history. The results showed that weed species composition was similar across the studied fields. The use of a row crop planter, a sowing rate of 45 kg ha^‐1, and weed control resulted in 30.2, 23.03 and 34.2% reductions in weed infestation compared with hand sowing, a sowing rate of 30 kg ha^‐1 and lack of weed control, respectively. Weed density decreased with increasing farmer experience and decreased by 33.0% and 23.5% in chickpea fields of resident farmers and owners whose sole occupation was agriculture. We found that 89.5% of the most experienced farmers adopted weed control operations and most resident landowners (77.4%) opted for crop planter (77.4%) and weed control (90.3%) compared to migrant farmers (50 and 68.5%, respectively). More landowners who were exclusively farmers performed weed control (90.6%) than owners who had a second job (67.9%).     

Effect of performed operations management on the amount of sediment production in natural forests

The present study on the sediment production in natural forests was carried out on an 13,284 ha area,ocated in Guilan Province, in the north of Iran. This area is under intensive management. We first analyzed the physi- sal factors of the area. Then, the amount of road construction, afforestation and harvested wood volume, as well as the harvesting method in the region were determined for the years between 1993 and 2010. The results show that the aver- age annual amount of sediment production in the entire region, over this 18-year period, has increased annually at a rate of 3.54 t.km-2 （R2 = 0.56） at a confidence level of 95%. Operations management and management methods used in ：his forest area has affected the amount of sediment production. Clear cutting and extensive harvesting methods in the region caused an increase in the amount of sediment production, as indicated by a coefficient of determination of 0.71, mplying that forest management may be considered effective and in harmony with the environment.