On the potential of documenting decadal-scale avifaunal change from before-and-after comparisons of museum and observational data across North America

Studies of biodiversity dynamics have been cast on either long(systematics)or short(ecology)time scales,leaving a gap in coverage for moderate time scales of de...     

Circulating antibody response to Eimeria tenella oral and subcutaneous infections in chickens

Immune responses in chickens to Eimeria tenella using oral and subcutaneous routes of infection were investigated. The results obtained indicated that sporulated oocysts inoculated subcutaneously in doses up to 50 000 oocysts per bird were not fatal to 21-day-old chicks. Subcutaneous inoculation of oocysts was found to be less immunogenic than oral administration. The dynamics of the antibody responses were different for the two routes of infection. Orally administered oocysts stimulated a dramatic primary increase in the serum antibody titre with a tendency towards a decrease in the titre 14 days post infection irrespective of second infections at that time. However, a third oral dose of oocysts stimulated a slight increase in antibody titre. Two doses of oocysts injected subcutaneously induced only a slight increase in serum antibody titre. Such a low titre was dramatically increased following a subsequent oral dose of oocysts. Antibodies specific to E. tenella are IgM and IgG immunoglobulins. IgA immunoglobulin was not investigated.     

Towards sustainable control of Lepidopterous pests in olive cultivation

Zusammenfassung Traditionelle, extensiv bearbeitete Olivenhaine, aber auch moderne Intensiv-Plantagen mit künstlicher Bewässerung und hohem Einsatz von Düngern bzw. chemischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln kennzeichnen die derzeitigen verschiedenen Anbauformen der Olive im Mittelmeerraum. Schadlepidopteren wie die Olivenmotte (Prays oleae, Lep.: Yponomeutidae) und die Jasminmotte (Palpita unionalis, Lep.: Pyralidae) werden durch regelmässigen Insektizideinsatz bekämpft. Das von der EU geförderte internationale Forschungsprojekt TRIPHELIO zielte auf die Entwicklung insektizidfreier Alternativmethoden durch (1) die Optimierung der pheromongestützten Überwachung und Verwirrtechnik, (2) der Anwendung von Habitatmanagement-Strategien zur Förderung natürlicher Gegenspieler, und (3) dem Einsatz von Trichogramma-Schlupfwespen. Zusätzlich wurden Module für eine optimale Anwendung biotechnischer und biologischer Methoden bezüglich der Phänologie der Schadinsekten und möglicher Nebenwirkungen von Pestiziden erarbeitet. Die intensive Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern aus mehreren Ländern Europas und Nordafrikas erlaubte den Entwurf möglicher Lösungsansätze für verschiedene Anbaubedingungen und klimatische Regionen des Mittelmeerraumes. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Ausblicke für eine zukünftige praktische Umsetzung werden in dieser Veröffentlichung beschrieben.     

Studies on the infundibular cysts of the uterine tube in camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Two hundred eighteen genital tracts of slaughtered female camels were collected and examined. Infundibular cysts were observed in 35 tracts (16%); these were either unilateral (22 cases) or bilateral (13 cases) all containing fluids of different consistencies. The morphological and histological structures of the cysts were recorded. The bacteriological investigation and physicochemical analysis of cyst contents were carried out. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from 68.5% of cases. Rectal palpation and ultrasound technique were compared for the diagnosis of the cysts antemortem.     

Monitoring of bovine health problems of small dairy herds in islamabad capital territory: Design,data and disease frequencies

Summary A pilot health monitoring system was started in 1990 to develop statistically valid data for use in estimating the disease frequencies in dairy cattle and buffaloes. This paper presents the design of the monitoring programme and frequencies of selected diseases. Eighty herds were selected with typical livestock management practices of the farmers in the area. Veterinary assistants visited the farms once a month for 12 months to collect livestock inventory, production, disease and preventive treatment data. The incidence density method was used as a measure of disease frequency.In adults, breeding problems, mastitis and gastro-intestinal problems were the highest reported conditions. Respiratory problems were the commonest in young stock. The calves of both species frequently had gastro-intestinal and respiratory disease conditions. Most of the calf crop of both species were lost within the first 3 months of life.

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Monitoreo De Problemas De Salud Bovina En Hatos Lecheros Pequenos En El Territorio Capital De Islamabad

Resumen Se inició un sistema de monitoreo piloto en 1990, con el propósito de desarrollar datos estadísticos válidos para estimar la frecuencia de enfermedades en ganado lechero y en búfalos. Este artículo presenta el diseño del programa de monitoreo y la frecuencia de las enfermedades seleccionadas. Se seleccionaron ochenta hatos con el manejo típico de los ganaderos del área. Los veterinarios visitaron las fincas una vez al mes durante 12 meses para colectar información. El método de densidad en la incidencia fue usado para medir la frecuencia de enfermedades.En adultos, las condiciones más frecuentemente encontradas fueron problemas de fertilidad, mastitis y problemas gastrointestinales. Las afecciones respiratorias fueron el común denominador en jóvenes. Los terneros de ambas especies se encontraron frecuentemente con problemas gastrointestinales y respiratorios, conjuntamente, siendo la mortalidad extremadamente alta en los 3 primeros meses de vida para ambas especies.

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Gestion Des Problemes De Sante Bovine De Petits Troupeaux Laitiers Sur Le Territoire De Islamabad: Schema, Donnees Et Frequences De La Maladie

Résumé Un système pilote de gestion de la santé a débuté en 1990 pour développer des données statistiquement valables pour être utilisées dans l'estimation de la fréquence des maladies de bovins laitiers et de buffles. Cet article présente le schéma du programme de gestion et les fréquences des maladies sélectionnées. Quatre vingt troupeaux ont été choisis; leur élevage était conduit selon la méthode propre aux fermiers de la région. Des assistants vétérinaires ont visité les fermes une fois par mois durant 12 mois pour relever les données sur l'inventaire du bétail, la production, les maladies et les traitements préventifs. L'importance de l'incidence a été utilisée comme méthode pour mesurer la fréquence des maladies. Chez les adultes, les problèmes prédominants dans les conditions indiquées concernaient la reproduction, les mammites et des troubles gastrointestinaux. Les problèmes respiratoires étaient les plus communs chez le jeune bétail. Les veaux des deux espèces présentaient fréquemment des troubles respiratoires et gastrointestinaux. La majorité de la production de veaux des deux espèces étaient perdue dans les trois premiers mois de vie.

     

Relative sensitivity of a herbicide-resistant rutabaga genotype to cyanazine and metribuzin

Growth and photochemical response of triazine-susceptible and -resistant rutabaga ‘Laurentian’ genotypes to cyanazine (chloro-s-triazine) and metribuzin (methylthio-as-triazine) were evaluated. The young seedlings of the susceptible rutabaga were killed when cyanazine or metribuzin were applied either pre- or post-emergence. The triazine-resistant rutabaga, however, displayed a differential response to these herbicides. Metribuzin applied pre-emergence killed the seedlings at 0.4 kg ha^?1, and at 0.2 kg ha^?1 the growth was severely affected. Cyanazine even at higher rates applied pre- or post-emergence failed to inhibit growth in these plants.Chlorophyll fluorescence in leaf sections at the cotyledonary, 2-leaf and 4-leaf stages in the susceptible plants increased by 130 and 172% in response to 10^?5 M cyanazine and metribuzin, respectively, suggesting that Photosystem II reactions in these plants were severely impaired. In resistant plants, there was little or no leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (LCF) increase at this herbicide concentration. However, at 10^?4 M cyanazine and metribuzin, the LCF in resistant plants increased significantly and the increase was greater in response to metribuzin (86%) than to cyanazine (51%). This indicates that with these triazine-resistant genotypes, metribuzin is relatively more potent and at high rates is capable of interfering with photosynthesis.     

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated Nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig

Eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to Nipah virus (NV) were produced against formalin-inactivated NV antigens. They reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. They were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. These Mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of NV infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of NV.     

The N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specific adhesin from Mannheimia haemolytica activates bovine neutrophils oxidative burst

In this work we identified specific bovine leukocytes that were bound by the Mannheimia haemolytica adhesin molecule (MhA) and the biological effect on the leukocytes. Histochemical staining and flow cytometry showed that MhA bind neutrophils (90%) and monocytes (5%). MhA induced an oxidative response in purified neutrophils; this effect was 1.5-fold higher than the effect observed with control cells activated with Zymosan. Cellular binding by MhA was inhibited with GlcNAc and its oligomers, as well as by glycoproteins containing tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycosydically linked glycans. MhA-induced oxidative burst was significantly inhibited by GlcNAc, iodoacetamide, superoxide dismutase, and piroxicam (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that among bovine leukocytes, neutrophils are the main target for MhA, inducing production of oxidative radicals by non-opsonic mechanism that seem to play an important role in tissue damage during mannheimiosis.