Bemerkenswerte Vitalitätsschwächung und Holzzersetzung an Rot-Buchen (Fagus sylvatica) durch den weitgehend unbekannten Schlauchpilz Hypoxylon cohaerens

In the years 2005 and 2006 several declining and recently died beech trees were investigated in a large city park in Dresden. The ascomycete Hypoxylon cohaerens, who is exclusively characterized as a saprophytic fungus by literature, was identified as a conspicuous cause of the disease. The symptoms of the infection, the morphologically and physiologically characteristics of the fungus in situ and in vitro as well as the factors of predisposition are presented in the article. Since H. cohaerens attains pathological importance and can be mistaken for some other ascomycetes, the distinguishing marks to related species are described. The changed importance of the fungus is evaluated for practice.     

松属线粒体基因序列变异研究

本研究利用ＰＣＲ和ＰＣＲ产物直接序列分析技术,获得了分属于松属（Ｐｉｎｕｓ）两个亚属Ｐｉｎｕｓ和Ｓｔｒｏｂｕｓ１２个松树种ｃｏｘＩ、ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５三个线粒体基因ＤＮＡ片段的序列。发现ｃｏｘＩ基因的ＤＮＡ序列在属内没有任何变异,但ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５在两个亚属间和亚属内出现了较多的碱基置换。这说明尽管裸子植物线粒体基因有较多的ＲＮＡ编辑（ＲＮＡｅｄｉｔｉｎｇ）存在,可促进ＤＮＡ序列的变异,但促进程度因不同基因而异。依据ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５所做的系统进化树不仅与分类结果一致,而且进一步表明了亚属内种间的亲缘关系。尽管线粒体基因序列变异比叶绿体和核ＤＮＡ变异小,线粒体基因编码序列变异仍适于研究裸子植物亚属甚至组间的系统进化关系。     

Effect of omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of omeprazole paste, a commonly used antiulcer drug, on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal foals between 5 and 14 days of age. PROCEDURE: Intragastric pH was recorded in each foal by use of a disposable antimony pH electrode with internal reference. Values for intragastric pH were recorded every 4 seconds by use of an ambulatory pH monitor. There were two 24-hour recordings of intragastric pH for each foal, with 24 hours between recordings. Foals were not administered any drugs during the first recording. Foals were administered omeprazole paste (4 mg/kg, PO) 1 hour after the start of the second recording. Mean pH was calculated for each hour of each 24-hour recording session. Hourly mean values were compared between the first and second 24-hour recordings. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 4 of 6 foals during the first 24-hour recording and 6 of 6 foals during the second 24-hour recording. Foals had significantly higher mean hourly intragastric pH for hours 2 to 22 following omeprazole administration, compared with corresponding hourly pH values in foals during the first recording. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Omeprazole paste can effectively increase intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals within 2 hours after oral administration of the first dose and can be administered to neonatal foals at the rate of 4 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours.     

Effect of acid modification on dyeing properties of Rajshahi silk fabric with different dye classes

In this paper, Rajshahi silk fabric was modified by acetic acid, tannic acid and their mixture. After acid modification, the silk fabric was dyed with three dyes classes namely: Reactive Orange 14, Direct Yellow 29 and Mordant Blue 9. Results revealed that the fabric modified with acid mixture of 30 % acetic acid and 20 % tannic acid improved the colorfastness of the dyed fabric after 7 days exposure on simulated sunlight and washing with hot soap solution. Also, the acid modification could improve the dyed fabrics’ colorfastness properties to acids and alkalis. Optimum dyeing condition was observed at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.0 % dyes for Reactive Orange 14, Direct Yellow 29 and Mordant Blue 9 respectively. The optimum dyeing time was observed 50, 60, and 50 min; and temperature was 90, 100 and 80 °C respectively. Modification of silk fabrics with acids improves the dyeability and colorfastness of Rajshahi silk fabrics. However, the acid modification could reduce the loss in tenacity of silk fabric upon exposure to sunlight.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.     

Weitere Beobachtungen an Kulturen vonPorphyridium cruentum (Ag.) Naeg. mariner Herkunft

Zusammenfassung In Kulturversuchen wurden die Nährstoffansprüche vonPorphyridium cruentum bei besonderer Berücksichtigung der zum guten Gedeihen für erforderlich gehaltenen Meerwasser- oder Meersalzzugabe und die Eignung verschiedener stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich Hinweise zur Ökologie der Alge am natürlichen Standort ableiten.

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Summary By means of culture experiments investigations were made on the nutrient requirements ofPorphyridium cruentum with special regard to its presumed demand of sea-water or sea-salt supply. Futhermore nitrogenous substances were tested relative to their value as a nitrogen source. The results of these investigations gave a hint at the ecological conditions of this alga in its natural environment.

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Phorphyridium cruentum . , . .

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Zugleich Veröffentlichung aus der Forschungsstelle für Limnologie, Jena, der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.     

Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Phycomyceten IV.Pleotrachelus wildemani Petersen neu für Deutschland

Zusammenfassung Die OlpidiaceePleotrachelus wildemani Petersen (1910), bisher nur aus Dänemark und Großbritannien bekannt, wurde in Moosprotonemen erstmalig für Deutschland gefunden, mit dem Wirt kultiviert und durch Infektionsversuche auf ihr Wirtsspektrum geprüft. Drei Laubmoosarten zeigten sich anfällig, auf Lebermoose gelang eine Übertragung bisher nicht. An den Kulturen konnten der vegetative Entwicklungszyklus verfolgt und die Variationsmöglichkeiten der Zoosporangienform studiert werden.

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Summary The occurrence ofPleotrachelus wildemani Petersen (1910) (Olpidiaceae) hitherto found only in Denmark and Great Britain is now reported even for Germany, in the neighbourhood of Gatersleben, parasitic in moss-protonema. The phycomycete was cultivated together with a host plant in order to trace his life history on living material with special regard to the variability of Zoosporangia. Inoculation experiments demonstrated that the fungus is capable to infect the protonema of several species of Musci. Infection of Liverworts however could not yet be detected.

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. Olpidiaceae,Pleotrachelus wildemani Petersen (1910), , . . ; . .

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Zugleich Veröffentlichung aus der Forschungsstelle für Limnologie Jena der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.