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961.
Weidong Cheng Xueqing Xing Dehong Wang Kunhao Zhang Quan Cai Guang Mo Zhongjun Chen Zhonghua Wu 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(6):470-478
Wood is a highly sophisticated and multihierarchical material. The nanoscale structures in natural cell walls of red pine,
American pine, and white ash specimens were investigated using the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. A tangent-by-tangent
method was used to analyze the SAXS data. The results demonstrate that the multihierarchical scatterers in the three specimens
can be divided into two dominant components, i.e., a sharp component and a wide component. The sharp component mainly corresponds
to the contribution of cellulose microfibrils, and its size is almost unaffected by the water content. However, the wide component
includes voids or microcracks and cellulose microfibril aggregates; its size changes, reflecting swelling and water accumulation
in the voids or microcracks. Because of the different morphological features of the cell walls, softwood (red pine and American
pine) displays different tendencies from hardwood (white ash) in terms of changes in the wide component with water content:
the average scatterer size of the wide component has an incremental tendency with the water content in softwood, but it has
a descending tendency in hardwood. Fractal analysis further revealed that in white ash the surface of scatterers is coarser
and the scatterers form more compact nanostructures than in the two pine woods. All this nanostructural information can be
used to explain well the difference of swelling behaviors between the two pines and the white ash. 相似文献
962.
The dependence of the acidolysis reaction of a C6-C3 dimeric nonphenolic β-O-4 type lignin model compound, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) propane-1,3-diol (veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, VG), on the type of acid applied was examined using three different acids [0.2 mol/l HCl, 0.2 mol/l HBr,
and 0.1 mol/l (0.2 N) H2SO4 in 82% aqueous 1,4-dioxane at 85°C]. In the HCl system, the major reaction modes of the corresponding benzyl cation-type
intermediate (BC), which is produced by protonation of the α-hydroxyl group of VG and successive release of the water molecule, are the abstraction of the β-proton and hydride transfer from the β-to the α-position. The liberation of formaldehyde from the γ-hydroxymethyl group of BC is the predominant reaction mode in the H2SO4 system. Apparently, an unknown reaction mode or modes is operative in the early stage of the HBr system that causes rapid
disappearance of VG accompanied by the quantitative formation of 2-methoxyphenol without affording the common counterpart
of a Hibbert’s ketone, 1-hydroxy-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) propan-2-one. The reaction mode in the HBr system changes with the
progress of the reaction and is the same as that in the HCl system after the early stage. 相似文献
963.
To improve its overall performance, fast-growing poplar was modified using the vacuum-pressure-vacuum impregnation method
with a urea-formaldehyde resin-sodium montmorillonite intercalation as the modification solution. The results showed that
considerable amounts of urea-formaldehyde resin and montmorillonites entered the poplar tracheid, and some entered the microporous
wood. These substances formed bonds with the active groups in timber, causing reduced crystallinity in the amorphous region
of the poplar, a decreased level of free hydroxyl, and an enhanced association with hydroxyl and ether bonds. The density,
dimensional stability, and mechanical properties of poplar were markedly improved. The best results were obtained with 14%
sodium montmorillonite and 20% ureaformaldehyde resin: the bending resistance, compressive resistance, and elastic modulus
increased by 19.37%, 30.24%, and 50.06%, respectively. With elevated levels of sodium montmorillonite, the impact toughness
and wear rate decreased. 相似文献
964.
To improve the properties of particleboard, boards were produced using a sealed press. With the sealed press, boards were
processed under high-temperature and high-pressure steam. This increased the saturation temperature, causing a dramatic rise
in temperature inside the board, faster curing of the binder, and a shorter pressing time. The boards were bonded with urea
formaldehyde resin, melamine urea formaldehyde resin, or poly(methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) (PMDI). The sealed press improved
the internal bond strength and thickness swelling of boards regardless of the binder used during the reduced pressing time.
The increased bonding strength improved the board properties, allowing PMDI with a lower resin content to be used for bonding
the boards. 相似文献
965.
Yalong Liu Ping Wang Genxing Pan David Crowley Lianqing Li Jinwei Zheng Xuhui Zhang Jufeng Zheng 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(5):1460-1471
Purpose
Rice paddy soils undergo pedogenesis driven by periodic flooding and drainage cycles that lead to accumulation of organic matter and the stratification of nutrients and oxygen in the soil profile. Here, we examined the effects of continuous rice cultivation on microbial community structures, enzyme activities, and chemical properties for paddy soils along a chronosequence representing 0–700 years of rice cropping in China.Materials and methods
Changes in the abundance and composition of bacterial and fungal communities were characterized at three depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm) in relation to organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen, and activities of acid phosphatase, invertase, and urease.Results and discussion
Both soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased over time at all three depths, while pH generally decreased. Microbial abundance (bacteria and fungi) and invertase and urease activity significantly increased with the duration of rice cultivation, especially in the surface layer. Fungal abundance and acid phosphatase activity declined with depth, whereas bacterial abundance was highest at the 5–10-cm soil depth. Profiles of the microbial community based on PCR-DGGE of 16S rRNA indicated that the composition of fungal communities was strongly influenced by soil depth, whereas soil bacterial community structures were similar throughout the profile.Conclusions
Soil bioactivity (microbial abundance and soil enzymes) gradually increased with organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation under prolonged rice cultivation. Microbial activity decreased with depth, and soil microbial communities were stratified with soil depth. The fungal community was more sensitive than the bacterial community to cultivation age and soil depth. However, the mechanism of fungal community succession with rice cultivation needs further research.966.
Lydie-Stella Koutika Sonia Vanderhoeven Lydie Chapuis-Lardy Nicolas Dassonville Pierre Meerts 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(2):331-341
Invasive exotic plants can modify soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and other soil properties. We evaluated changes in particulate
organic matter (POM) and carbon (C) mineralisation in adjacent plots invaded by Solidago gigantea, Prunus serotina, Heracleum mantegazzianum and Fallopia japonica, and non-invaded control plots on different soils in Belgium. Litter decomposition of S. gigantea and P. serotina was compared to that of the native species Epilobium hirsutum, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica. Disregarding the differences in site characteristics (soil texture, parental material and plant species), we argued that
the invasion by S. gigantea and P. serotina enhance SOM dynamics by increasing C mineralisation in 2 out of 3 sites invaded by S. gigantea and in 1 out of 3 sites invaded by P. serotina; C in coarse POM (cPOM, 4,000–250 μm) and fine POM (fPOM, 250–50 μm) in 1 site invaded by S. gigantea and C content in total POM (tPOM, 4,000–50 μm) and the organo-mineral fraction (OMF, 0–50 μm) in 1 site invaded by P. serotina. H. mantegazzianum and F. japonica slowed down SOM dynamics by reducing C mineralisation in three out of four sites; C and nitrogen (N) of fPOM in the invaded
compared with the non-invaded plots at one site invaded by H. mantegazzianum. However, N content of cPOM (4,000–250 μm) was higher in the invaded sites by F. japonica compared with the non-invaded plots. Our results indicated that the effects of invasion by exotic plant species were not
species-specific but site-specific. 相似文献
967.
The release of CO2 by soil microorganisms after the addition of nitrogen and glucose in excess and calibration additions of phosphorus has successfully
been used to assess microbial available P, assuming the native soil P pool is then limiting respiration. However, in P-fixing
soils and soils with high P content, carbon can be exhausted before the available soil P pool. It is not possible to simply
increase the amount of glucose as then the glucose concentration would be lethal for microorganisms. A modified method was
tested where soil is mixed with perlite. It was hypothesised that perlite, having a high water holding capacity, would dilute
the concentration of glucose, while maintaining the bioavailability of added nutrients, thus avoiding carbon limitation. Factorial
combinations of amount of soil and perlite (both adjusted to −25 kPa water potential) were tested to examine if perlite as
such had any effect on the respiration. Five tropical soil samples with a sharp gradient in P availability and one N-limited
compost material were used. The method successfully reduced the risk of carbon limitation. Microbial indices, such as basal
respiration, substrate-induced respiration and maximum P-limited respiration, were directly proportional to the amount of
soil in the experiments but unrelated to the amount of perlite, showing that perlite did not affect microbial measurements. 相似文献
968.
Mohammad Reza Naghavi Mohsen Mardi Seyed Mostafa Pirseyedi Mehrbanu Kazemi Payam Potki Mohammad Reza Ghaffari 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(2):237-240
Genetic diversity of 54 accessions of Aegilops tauschii from five countries was assessed using sequence-tagged microsatellites (or simple sequence repeats, SSRs) and amplified fragment
length polymorphisms (AFLPs). In the case of AFLP analysis, a total of 256 amplification products obtained, 234 of them were
polymorphic across all the 54 accessions. A total of 224 fragments were obtained from the 24 SSR primers and 219 of fragments
were polymorphic across all the genotypes screened. Based on both AFLP and SSR markers, the highest percentage of polymorphisms
were obtained in Iranian and accessions of unknown origin. The highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value was observed
for SSRs (0.82) while the highest marker index (MI) value was for AFLPs (8.5) reflecting the hyper-variability of the first
and the distinctive nature of the second system. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCO) revealed congruent patterns of genetic
relationships for both data sets, but did not group accessions strictly according to their geographical origins. Poor correlation
was found between AFLP and SSR marker loci. This low association may be due to low number of AFLP and SSR markers. These results
show that molecular markers can help to organize the genetic variability and expose useful diversity for breeding purposes. 相似文献
969.
Amer Ibrahim Basha Stefano Padulosi Kamel Chabane Adnan Hadj-Hassan Ehsan Dulloo Mario Augusto Pagnotta Enrico Porceddu 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(8):1807-1816
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a strategic nut tree species in the Middle East which holds comparative advantage over other fruit trees in view of
its hardiness, income generation opportunities and benefits for the ecosystem. Yet pistachio cultivation depends on a very
narrow genetic base, in spite of the existence of many varieties still marginally exploited. Syria is an important center
of diversity for pistachio. A country wide ecogeographic survey in this country was carried out to determine the extent of
pistachio genetic diversity and its use. As a whole, 114 accessions were collected from 37 farms to assess diversity at morphological
and molecular level. Molecular evaluation was carried out using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique and
performed using seven primer pair combinations. Results from the studies allowed the identification of 25 pistachio female
varieties in Syria, some of which unique and described for the first time. Three groups of pistachio diversity were identified
by cluster analysis which provides useful information about the distribution of genetic diversity in Syria for enhanced use
and sustainable conservation. 相似文献
970.