山西省新疆杨造林中其个体基因变异的研究

新疆杨(Populus bolleana LAUCHE)是山西省北部乃至中国西北部重要的阔叶树造林树种,但目前发现只有雄性植株,它很可能是一个或几个无性系通过无性繁殖而大规模传播开来,基因变异狭窄,会给造林带来巨大的潜在危险。于2004年到2005年在山西省境内随机采集59个样树,在德国爱博斯瓦尔德大学(FH-Eberswalde)的生态实验室进行了同工酶分析。分析结果显示,在山西省境随机采样的59个新疆杨树中,88%的被猜测为是一个或同样的无性系。初步证实山西省境内的新疆杨造林基因变异有限,这就是说在山西境内新疆杨的造林潜在着巨大的风险。同时就避免或降低这种风险的可能性进行讨论。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

Keratitis due to Histoplasma spp. in a horse

A 5-year-old Holsteiner gelding from Germany was presented 2 months after a whitish discoloration of the left cornea was observed. Cytologic examination revealed intra- and extracellular globular structures, up to 4 micro m in size, consisting of a central spherical deeply basophilic body surrounded by an unstained halo. The structures were morphologically consistent with Histoplasma spp. Infection with Histoplasma organisms is not endemic in Europe. Topical use of fluconazole was successful in eliminating Histoplasma organisms within 10 days of initiation of treatment.     

Einfluß niedriger SO2-Konzentrationen auf die Aktivität einiger Glykosidasen der Assimilationsorgane verklonter Waldbäume

Effect of low SO₂-concentrations on the activities of some glycosidases in the foliage of clonal forest trees. The aim was to find an early indicator of latent SO₂ injuries in a beech and a spruce clone. After exposure to 0.0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm for several weeks in outdoor fumigation chambers, the activities of β-glucosidase in the beech and β-galactosidase in the spruce clone and β-l,3-glucanase in both species were significantly raised. As the beech clone was very sensitive to SO₂, an indication of latent injury could be ascertained only in the 0.05 ppm treatment where the rise of the β-glucosidase activity appeared some days before necroses. Contrary to beech, the spruce clone was tolerant to all SO₂-treatments and the enzymatical changes could be used as early indicators of latent injuries.     

Changes in the phytochemical composition and profile of raw, boiled, and roasted peanuts

Peanuts are consumed mostly as processed products. Although the effect of processing on isoflavone composition of legumes has been extensively studied, there has been no such study on peanuts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of processing (boiling, oil- and dry-roasting) on the phytochemical composition of peanuts. Boiling had a significant effect on the phytochemical composition of peanuts compared to oil- and dry-roasting. Boiled peanuts had the highest total flavonoid and polyphenol content. The biochanin A and genistein content of boiled peanut extracts were two- and fourfold higher, respectively. trans-Resveratrol was detected only in the boiled peanuts, with the commercial product having a significantly (p < or = 0.05) higher concentration. Ultraviolet and mass spectrometry chromatograms for the boiled peanut extracts show the presence of four additional peaks that were not observed in the raw peanut extracts.     

Nitrogen recovery in a decoupled aquaponic system with lamellar settler and trickling biofilter: implications for system management

Careful nitrogen (N) management will be needed to nourish the growing human population while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. Aquaponic systems (AS) have a great potential to become a sustainable technology making further use of N-rich aquaculture wastewater. In the present study, we observed the N retention and losses in a running prototype of decoupled AS with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) over 24 days. N losses amounted to 32.5% of feed N input and were observed in the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) of the AS. Fish retained 21.1% of N input while 25.2% of N input accumulated in the RAS water. About 14.1% of the loss of N was caused probably by anaerobic denitrification processes in the lamellar settler (LS). In addition, 18.4% of N input was discharged during the three cleanings of LS. In the hydroponic unit of the AS that has been due to space limitations much smaller than an optimized AS could be (only about 20% of the optimal size relative to fish biomass), the tomato plants, including fruits, leaves, and stems, recovered 3.1% of N input with water uptake of 1700 L. The fish culture management, system design, and environmental management in the greenhouse affect the N recovery in the decoupled AS.

     

Reconciling 14C and minirhizotron‐based estimates of fine‐root turnover with survival functions

The turnover of fine‐roots is a crucial component for the input of C to the soil. The amount of root litter input is depending on estimates of turnover times from different techniques. Turnover times from fine‐root cameras (minirhizotrons) often yield 75% higher root litter input estimates than turnover times estimated with the bomb‐radiocarbon signature of fine roots. We introduce a generic framework for the analysis of fine‐root ¹⁴C with different survival functions. So far, mostly an exponential function has been used to estimate the turnover time and mean age of fine roots. In the context of the introduced survival function framework we clarify the terms turnover time, mean residence time, mean longevity, and mean age, which are commonly used in studies of root turnover. Using a unique time series of fine‐root ¹⁴C (Fröberg 2012), we test if survival functions other than the exponential function are better in accordance with turnover‐time estimates commonly found with other methods. A survival function that corresponds to a two‐pool model was best in agreement with minirhizotron‐based estimates (mean residence time of 1.9 y). We argue that using fine‐root ¹⁴C and minirhizotron time‐to‐death data together would give the best constraints on fine‐root turnover. At the same time this could allow quantifying systematic biases inherent to both techniques.     

Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in clinically normal dogs and dogs with acute and chronic renal failure

OBJECTIVE: To compare serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-[OH]D3) in healthy control dogs and dogs with naturally occurring acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). ANIMALS: 24 control dogs, 10 dogs with ARF, and 40 dogs with CRF. PROCEDURE: Serum concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were measured by use of a quantitative radioimmunoassay, and serum concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 were measured by use of a protein-binding assay. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was 153 +/- 50 pmol/L in control dogs, 75 +/- 25 pmol/L in dogs with ARF, and 93 +/- 67 pmol/L in dogs with CRF. The concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not differ significantly between dogs with ARF and those with CRF and was in the reference range in most dogs; however, the concentration was significantly lower in dogs with ARF or CRF, compared with the concentration in control dogs. Mean +/- SD concentration of 25-(OH)D3 was 267 +/- 97 nmol/L in control dogs, 130 +/- 82 nmol/L in dogs with ARF, and 84 +/- 60 nmol/L in dogs with CRF. The concentration of 25-(OH)D3 was significantly lower in dogs with ARF or CRF, compared with the concentration in control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was within the reference range in most dogs with renal failure. Increased serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone indicated a relative deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3. A decrease in the serum concentration of 25-(OH)D3 in dogs with CRF appeared to be attributable to reduced intake and increased urinary loss.     

Epidemiology of canine glaucoma presented to University of Zurich from 1995 to 2009. Part 2: secondary glaucoma (217 cases)

Objective To investigate the epidemiology of canine secondary glaucomas in the cases presented to the University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty (UZH) from 1995 to 2009 focusing on possible risk factors for developing secondary glaucoma in this population of dogs. Methods Information was obtained from the computer database of patients examined by members of the UZH Ophthalmology Service, between January 1995 and August 2009. Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed based on the presence of antecedent eye conditions. The data was evaluated for breed, gender, age at presentation, and for antecedent eye conditions known to cause glaucoma including anterior uveitis of unknown cause (AU), lens luxation (LL), intraocular surgery (SX), intraocular neoplasia (IN), unspecified trauma to the globe (T), ocular melanosis (OM), hypermature cataract (PY), hyphema (HY), and six other less frequent conditions. Results A total of 217 dogs were diagnosed with secondary glaucoma from 1995 to 2009. The age of the dogs with secondary glaucoma ranged between 88 days and 19 years (mean 7.7 ± 3.6 years). Data suggested a predisposition for secondary glaucoma in the Cairn Terrier and the Jack Russell Terrier breeds from 2004 to 2009. Common causes of secondary glaucoma from 1995 to 2009 were AU (23.0%), LL (22.6%), SX (13.4%), IN (10.6%), T (8.3%), OM and PY (both 6.9%) and HY (3.23%). Conclusion The report presents the epidemiology of secondary glaucomas presented to UZH from 1995 to 2009. Fourteen risk factors were recorded for secondary glaucoma. This is the first paper documenting OM in the Swiss Cairn Terrier dog population.