转基因技术在畜牧兽医中的发展前景

通过简要叙述转基因动物研究的发展简史、研究现状和存在问题 ,对转基因动物育种、药物生物反应器、组织器官移植 ,以及基因治疗和免疫等前景进行了综述。在此基础上 ,从畜牧兽医角度出发提出了追踪发展趋势的几点思考。     

“黄白散”对兔接种RHD疫苗后免疫功能的影响

在注射兔病毒性出血症 (RHD)疫苗后 ,30只兔随机分为 2组 ,试验组兔饲喂含 1 5 %黄白散的饲料。从接种到第 1 80天 ,每组取兔 8只 ,每隔 1 5d采血 1次 ,检测血凝抑制 (HI)抗体 ;在接种前 1天及接种后 5、 1 0、 1 7、 2 4、 31、 41、 5 1d ,每组取兔 1 0只 ,采血检测ANAE+淋巴细胞百分率 ;在 1 80、 2 4 0、 30 0d时 ,每组分别取兔 5只做攻毒保护试验。结果表明 :2组兔HI抗体峰值分别为 7 3log2和 9 8log2 ,差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ;试验组疫苗保护期可延长 60d ;试验组ANAE+率从第 1 0天至 5 1天与对照组比较 ,差异极显著(P<0 0 1 )。所以黄白散可增强兔接种RHD疫苗后的特异性免疫功能 ,增强RHD疫苗的免疫效果。     

Analysis of the mucosal microenvironment: factors determining successful responses to mucosal vaccines

The predominance of IgA antibodies in mucosal sites reflects a combination of high rate IgA isotype switching among precursor cells in induction sites, their selective localisation in mucosal effector tissues and vigorous proliferation of these cells after extravasation. Each of these steps leading to IgA expression at the mucosa is under cytokine control. This paper will address the role of cytokines in induction and expression of IgA responses, the contribution of various precursor cell subsets and their differential responses to cytokine signals and strategies for manipulating cytokine expression. With respect to IgA antibody production in the gut whereas IL-4 and TGF-beta have been implicated in isotype switching of precursor cells to IgA commitment, their subsequent localisation, proliferation and effector activity expression is dependent on IL-5 and IL-6 expression locally. Most IgA plasma cells in the intestine derive from cells of the B2 lineage in the Peyer's patch, but a subpopulation of cells derived from the peritoneal cavity (B1 cells) also contribute to the IgA plasma cell population in the intestinal lamina propria. Whereas IgA+ cells of the B2 lineage are IL-6 dependent but IL-5 independent, B1-derived IgA+ cells are IL-5 dependent and IL-6 independent. On the other hand, cell mediated immune responses in the gut are highly dependent on IFN-gamma production by both Th1 CD4 cells and CD8 cells and in enteric Salmonella infection IFN-gamma production is essential but antibody has little effect on this process.Therapeutic interventions based on the information emerging from these studies will lead to improved vaccination responses and correction of immunodeficiencies especially in young animals.     

马立克氏病疫苗胚胎免疫鸡红细胞免疫功能的研究

作者检测了胚胎免疫鸡（孵化至18日龄时鸡胚接种马立克氏病二价疫苗）及其相应1日龄免疫鸡和未免疫鸡的红细胞CR1花环率和红细胞IC花环率以观察其外周血液红细胞免疫功能。结果表明,随着试验鸡日龄的增长,其外周血液中红细胞CR1活性呈现一定的递减性变化,但胚胎免疫鸡红细胞CR1活性的降低幅度远低于其它两组鸡。胚免鸡出壳后7日龄进行vMDV攻毒,结果也显示胚胎免疫可显著阻止红细胞免疫功能的下降。此外,胚免组鸡血清中红细胞免疫粘附抑制因子活性下降（IC形成减少）,使得红细胞免疫功能得以更好的发挥。     

抗旱耐热白三叶新品种选育初报

鄂牧一号白三叶是以美国瑞加和路易斯安那两个白三叶品种为原始材料，经单株抗性造反份系比较鉴定，多系混合杂交，品种比较和区域试验选育而成，历时１０年。该品种具有高产，抗旱，耐热和粗蛋白含量高等特性，是南方低山丘陵地区有推广应用前景的优良牧草和草坪植物。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

重庆市水产品质量安全现状及对策

我国是世界上最大的渔业生产国,其养殖产量占全世界养殖产量的2/3。我国也是水产品出口大国,2006年水产品出口量为301.5万吨,出口额93.6亿美元,占农产品出口总额的     

Pyruvate kinase is necessary for Brucella abortus full virulence in BALB/c mouse

Brucellosis, caused by a facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella, is one of the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Host infection relies on several uncanonical virulence factors. A recent research hotpot is the links between carbon metabolism and bacterial virulence. In this study, we found that a carbon metabolism-related pyruvate kinase (Pyk) encoded by pyk gene (locus tag BAB_RS24320) was associated with Brucella virulence. Determination of bacterial growth curves and resistance to environmental stress factors showed that Pyk plays an important role in B. abortus growth, especially under the conditions of nutrition deprivation, and resistance to oxidative stress. Additionally, cell infection assay showed that Pyk is necessary for B. abortus survival and evading fusion with lysosomes within RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, animal experiments exhibited that the Pyk deletion significantly reduced B. abortus virulence in a mouse infection model. Our results elucidated the role of the Pyk in B. abortus virulence and provided information for further investigation of Brucella virulence associated carbon metabolism.     

应用动物模型REML法估计金华猪繁殖性状遗传参数

试验资料取自金华猪场 1 979～1 999年金华猪繁殖性能的生产记录。采用动物模型约束性最大似然法 (REML)对该猪群的遗传参数进行估计 ,测定 1 1 4 4头纯繁金华母猪的产仔哺育记录。结果表明 ,产仔数 (TNB)、产活仔数 (NBA)、初生重 (PBW)、初生窝重 (LBW)、 2 0日龄头数(NFC)、 2 0日龄窝重 (LWFC)、 2 0日龄重 (PWFC)、 60日龄头数 (NW)、 60日龄窝重 (LWW)、 60日龄重 (PWW)、乳头数 (TN)的遗传力分别为0 1 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 8± 0 1 1、 0 1 5± 0 0 9、 0 0 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 0± 0 1 1、 0 0 8± 0 1 3、 0 1 8± 0 1 0、 0 2 3± 0 1 1、 0 31± 0 1 3、 0 35± 0 1 1和 0 1 9± 0 1 0。TNB与NBA、LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 66～ 0 88,TNB与PBW的遗传相关为 - 0 43。NBA与LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 60～ 0 64,NBA与PBW遗传相关为 - 0 63。PBW与PWW的遗传相关为 0 51。     

江苏省菜籽饼粕的抗营养因子含量分析

收集华东省市当家的甘蓝型、白菜和芥菜型油菜籽品种２０个，经１０５℃３０分钟处理，小型６２机冷榨取饼，测定ＯＺＴ．ＩＴＣ，得出甘蓝型高硫葡萄糖苷品种在饼中的总苷量最高９．３６ｍｇ／ｇ，比苷蓝型低硫葡萄糖苷品种含总苷２．９５ｍｇ／Ｇ高出２倍。白菜型平均总苷３．１３ｍｇ／ｇ；芥菜型含３．５６ｍｇ／ｇ。以淮油６号、秦油２号菜籽作破碎或干热与否的前处理比较，总苷量以未破碎、未干热的菜饼最高，分别含９．８２ｍｇ／ｇ、１０．６４ｍｇ／ｇ；破碎又干热的菜饼总苷最低，分别为８．６９、７．０１ｍｇ／ｇ。以宁油７号品种为例用６２型冷榨总苷最高为１０．７７ｍｇ／ｇ，９５型其次５．１４ｍｇ／ｇ，２００型最低２．５５ｍｇ／ｇ。采集本省各地大、中、小型油厂、油坊的菜饼粕２１个样，２００型菜粕总苷为２．８ｍｇ／ｇｃｖ４５％，９５型３．３９ｍｇ／ｇ，ｃｖ３９．６％。２００型与９５型在加工过程中产生游离总苷量接近，分别为０．３８和０．４１ｍｇ／ｇ。由芥子酶或酶水解产生的腈类化合物以２００型的菜粕中含量高，平均含１３１８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｃｖ７９．７％；９５型含３１８ｍｇ／ｇｃｖ１３２％，其中３６％样本未检出腈量。菜饼粕单宁平均含０．８２％；植酸平均?