NR/ENR/SiO_2复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用机械混炼的方法制备不同ENR含量的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料,使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的动态力学性能和阻尼性能进行分析。结果表明:ENR对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼性能具有显著影响。动态热机械分析测试结果表明,随着ENR用量的增多,NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料在使用温度范围内的损耗因子积分面积增大,阻尼性能提高。橡胶加工分析频率扫描和应变扫描测试结果表明,在频率小于10 HZ不同应变时,加入了ENR的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼因子均高于NR/SiO2复合材料。扫描电镜分析结果证实,ENR的加入减少了SiO2的自聚,改善了填料在橡胶基体中的分散,从而使NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料力学性能得到提高。     

Ochracenoids A and B,Guaiazulene-Based Analogues from Gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea Collected from the South China Sea

Two new guaiazulene-based analogues, ochracenoids A (1) and B (2), along with four known analogues (3–6), were isolated from the gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea collected from the South China Sea. The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined as 3R by the comparison of TDDFT calculated electronic circular dichroism with its experimental spectrum. Compound 1 is a rare guaiazulene-based analogue possessing a unique C₁₆ skeleton. The possible generation process of 1 through an intermolecular one-carbon-transfer reaction was also discussed. Compound 2 was previously described as a presumed intermediate involved in the biogenesis of anthogorgienes A and I. Compound 3 exhibited antiproliferative effects on the embryo development of zebrafish Danio rerio.     

Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with CaCO3 and shell waste derived bio-fillers

The clam shell (CS) waste was first modified by furfural and hydrochloric acid to prepare fillers FCS and ACS, which were then used as fillers in polypropylene (PP), as well as the commercial calcium carbonate (CC). These fillers were characterized and analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle size analyzer, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurement. The mechanical and thermal properties of PP composites were investigated as well. XRD analysis indicated that the major crystalline phase of CC was calcite; of shell waste derived fillers, calcite and aragonite. The CC was fully hydrophobic, while the shell derived fillers were amphiphilic. Mechanical property studies showed that the incorporation of FCS played the role mainly of toughening the PP; of CC, CS and ACS, that of reinforcing. The optimum filler contents of CS, ACS and FCS could reach 5, 7 and 15 wt.%, respectively, to obtain a good balance between fracture toughness and stiffness of the PP composites. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) observation indicated that the inclusion of these fillers could promote the heterogeneous nucleation of PP.     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of a Lipid Extract from Hard-Shelled Mussel (Mytilus Coruscus) on Chronic Arthritis in Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of a lipid extract from hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) on adjuvant-induced (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. AIA and CIA rats that received hard-shelled mussel lipid extract (HMLE group) at a dose of 100 mg/kg demonstrated significantly lower paw swelling and arthritic index, but higher body weight gain than those which received olive oil (control group). Similar results were found in arthritic rats that received New Zealand green-lipped mussel lipid extract (GMLE) at the same dosage. The levels of leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) in the serum, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ankle joint synovial fluids of HMLE group rats were significantly lower than those of control group. However, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in HMLE group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. Decreased mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13, but increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) were observed in the knee joint synovium tissues of HMLE group rats when compared with the control group. No hepatotoxicity was observed in both HMLE and GMLE group rats. The present results indicated that HMLE had a similarly strong anti-inflammatory activity as GMLE. Such a strong efficacy could result from the suppression of inflammatory mediators (LTB₄, PGE₂, TXB₂), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α) and MMPs (MMP1, MMP13), and the promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and TIMPs (TIMP1) productions.     

基于贡献率模型的崩塌易发性评价——以广州市白云区为例

[目的] 根据地质灾害野外普查空间数据库,分析花岗岩风化残积土发育地区崩塌形成机理和破坏模式,探究不同环境孕灾因子对崩塌发育的贡献率,评估崩塌灾害空间易发性与分布规律,为中国东南沿海地质灾害多发区的灾害防治工作提供科学支持。[方法] 在分析广州市白云区花岗岩风化残积土崩塌发育特征的基础上,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、距地表水体距离、降雨量、地层岩性、土地利用类型共8个与崩塌灾害发育密切关联的致灾因子构建崩塌灾害易发性评价指标体系,叠加研究区内404个历史崩塌数据,依据贡献率模型计算统计各指标因子崩塌灾害敏感性和空间分布特征。采用各二级指标因子贡献率的修正样本差确定因子权重。[结果] ①研究区内坡度、高程和地形起伏度对崩塌易发性贡献程度较高,坡向、地层岩性、降雨量在崩塌灾害易发性评价中贡献程度较低。②极高易发区主要集中在丘陵西麓,崩塌易发性由山地线范围外层边缘向中心逐级降低。③崩塌极高易发区和高易发区崩塌比率占总崩塌比率超过85%,模型易发性评价成功率和预测率分别达到91.3%和92.6%。[结论] 斜坡地形地貌因子对崩塌发育影响较显著,基于贡献率的崩塌灾害易发性评价模型能够客观量化指标因子权重,模型预测评价结果精度较高,易发性区划符合实际崩塌发育空间分布特征。     

基于ZGS和TW模型的长江流域植被NPP时空演变特征

[目的]研究长江流域陆地植被生态系统初级净生产力(NPP)的时空演变特征,为政府部门建立和调整生态功能恢复项目提供参考。[方法]以长江流域为研究区,基于2000—2019年的降水和气温数据,采用周广胜—张新时模型(ZGS)和Thornthwaite Memorial (TM)模型估算NPP,并进一步利用皮尔逊相关分析、一元线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验等,对比分析长江流域陆地植被生态系统NPP时空演变特征。[结果](1)基于上述两个模型模拟得到的长江流域NPP时空演变趋势基本一致,相关系数R为0.982,呈现显著正相关关系;(2)2000—2019年长江流域陆地植被生态系统实际NPP与潜在NPP均呈上升趋势,上升速率分别为6.85,2.74 g/(m~2·a)。(3)长江流域实际NPP和潜在NPP在空间上呈东南高西北低的分布格局,低值区域主要分布在草地生态系统;高值区域大部分分布在森林生态系统和农田生态系统。(4)2000—2019年长江流域实际NPP与潜在NPP呈上升趋势的面积分别占研究区总面积的80.65%和84.81%,主要分布在云南、青海、西藏、四川北部及浙江...     

阿克苏地区荒漠化变化趋势及其驱动因素

[目的] 对2009—2019年阿克苏地区荒漠化变化趋势及其驱动因素进行分析,为该区生态修复、因地制宜制定荒漠化防治政策提供科学依据。[方法] 基于《全国第六次荒漠化监测细则》构建荒漠化评价指标体系,在ArcGIS和IDRISI软件的支持下,对2009—2019年阿克苏地区荒漠化变化趋势进行评价,分析荒漠化驱动因素并做出预测。[结果] ①2009—2019年阿克苏地区荒漠化面积逐年降低,荒漠化呈现逆转态势。阿克苏地区荒漠化呈现较强的空间异质性,极重度荒漠化区域位于研究区南部与塔克拉玛干沙漠接壤地带,极重度荒漠化所占比例最大。②2009—2019年阿克苏地区荒漠化单一驱动因素分析结果显示,土地利用类型是阿克苏地区荒漠化最重要的影响因子,多驱动力因子交互作用对荒漠化演化的解释力比单因子更强,作用方式与强度表现为增强与非线性增强。③CA-Markov模型预测结果显示,在驱动因素不改变时,2019—2024年阿克苏地区荒漠化程度持续逆转,整体表现为极重度荒漠化转化为重度荒漠化,部分地区荒漠化面积扩张。[结论] 研究时段内,研究区荒漠化面积减少,荒漠化程度呈逆转态势,影响荒漠化主要因素为土地利用类型。在荒漠化的治理与防治过程中,应当结合荒漠化驱动因素,合理有效地实施荒漠化防治以及生态修复工程。     

顾及时滞效应的西南地区植被NPP变化归因分析

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来西南地区部分区域生态环境日益脆弱。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）时空演变特征,可为监测区域植被生长状况及其对驱动因素的响应机制提供理论依据。该研究以2000－2020年MOIDS NPP数据为基础,结合气象、人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型等数据,使用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、多重共线性检验、多元回归分析、残差分析和偏相关分析等研究方法,分析2000－2020年西南地区及各地貌单元植被NPP时空变化特征及对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明：1）2000－2020年,除青藏高原植被NPP、气候影响下的植被NPP预测值（Predicted Net Primary Productivity,NPPPre,）和人类活动影响下的植被NPP残差值（Residual Net Primary Productivity,NPPRes）呈微弱波动下降外,其余地貌单元植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes均呈较明显的波动上升趋势,其中,四川盆地植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes波动上升趋势尤为显著,上升斜率分别为7.14、3.72和3.44 g/(m2·a)。2）研究时段内西南地区气候变化对植被NPP上升的影响整体强于人类活动。气候变化影响下,西南地区约45.18%的区域植被NPP呈显著和极显著上升趋势,而人类活动影响下,该占比仅为18.55%。地貌单元上,气候变化和人类活动影响下,四川盆地植被NPP呈极显著上升和显著上升的比例最高,分别为69.42%和50.75%。3）西南地区整体及各地貌单元植被NPP变化主要受温度类因子的主导,相对湿度和大气压强对西南地区植被生长整体具有抑制作用。4）耕地转化为城镇用地是植被NPP下降的重要原因,而非耕地转化为耕地和非林地转化为林地是植被NPP上升的重要原因。整体上,西南地区植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光呈不显著相关关系。地貌单元上,四川盆地植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光的相关性最高,即四川盆地植被生长受人为活动的影响强于其他地貌单元。研究结果可为区域植被生长监测、生态环境质量评价和林业生态工程效益评估提供理论依据。     

单色绿光环境对孵化中种蛋蛋壳理化特性的影响

蛋壳是鸡胚发育过程中与外界环境进行气体和热量交换的重要媒介,其结构、形态等因素均为影响鸡胚发育的重要因素。单色绿光照射可缩短种蛋孵化时间,促进出雏、提高种蛋孵化率。有鉴于此,该研究针对单色绿光调控孵化过程中的种蛋蛋壳色度、蛋壳结构、色素含量及元素含量等因素进行监测,从种蛋蛋壳特性变化的角度探究单色绿光在种蛋孵化过程中促进雏鸡出雏的机制。结果表明,与传统黑暗孵化环境相比较,孵化过程单色绿光形成的光环境促使蛋壳对孵化环境产生适应性响应,蛋壳表面亮度显著降低（P<0.01）,抑制了蛋壳中绿色色素-胆绿素的分解（P<0.01）。且单色绿光有助于鸡胚吸收利用蛋壳中的Ca元素,显著促进孵化过程中蛋壳表面孔隙面积的风化增大（P<0.000 1）,提高蛋壳的通透性及散热效果,利于出雏期间雏鸡出壳,有助于促进出雏并降低孵化死亡率。该研究阐析了单色绿光孵化过程中种蛋蛋壳特性的变化,为单色绿光促进种蛋出雏及其在孵化产业的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

考虑喷雾高度的大田蔬菜对靶喷雾系统设计与试验

针对喷雾高度影响大田对靶喷雾准确性问题,该研究设计了融合喷雾高度的大田蔬菜对靶喷雾系统,适用于株间距大、冠层尺寸小的作物。介绍了大田蔬菜对靶喷雾系统的结构组成及工作原理,根据对靶喷雾作业环节的滞后特性,建立对靶喷雾滞后模型,提出融合靶标位置、靶标大小、喷雾机作业速度和喷雾高度的对靶喷雾控制方法,基于C37控制器设计了稳压喷雾系统和对靶喷雾控制系统,并进行试验验证。不同喷雾高度对靶试验结果表明,在作业速度为0.52 m/s的情况下,融合喷雾高度的对靶喷雾平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别不高于3.63和4.26 cm,比未融合喷雾高度的平均绝对误差平均减小4.30 cm,均方根误差平均减小4.57 cm,有效喷施率不低于92.6%,验证了融合喷雾高度对靶喷雾的可行性。田间试验结果表明,随着作业速度的增加,对靶喷雾有效喷施率和平均有效覆盖率下降。在作业速度不大于0.49 m/s时,对靶喷雾有效喷施率为93.5%,平均有效覆盖率为80.2%。较于连续喷雾方式,对靶喷雾节药率可达33.8%,可满足大田株间距大、冠层尺寸小的作物对靶植保作业需求。