国外农业航空静电喷雾技术研究进展与借鉴

农业航空静电喷雾技术作为中国发展精准农业航空应用技术的内容之一,对农药的有效利用和减少环境污染有积极意义.农业航空静电喷雾技术在国外发展较早也相对成熟,美国已有应用于有人机的商业化产品,并在美国、巴西等国各类粮食作物、经济作物和杂草防治作业中开展了大规模田间应用.该研究首先从基础研究、田间应用和优化工作等方面梳理了国外...     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Reproductive performance,survival and development of nauplii and copepodites,sex ratio and adult life expectancy of the harpacticoid copepod,Euterpina acutifrons,fed different microalgal diets

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the harpacticoid copepod, Euterpina acutifrons, to assess the influence of 10 different microalgal diets (four monoalgal and six mixed algal diets) on several parameters related to its productivity in culture. The four monoalgal diets were the Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), the five binary diets were T‐Iso+Tet, Pav+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Tet+Chaet and Pav+Chaet, while the tri‐algal diet was T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. All diets were fed to copepods at 1500 μ gC L^?1 and in the case of binary or trialgal diets, carbon concentration was divided equally between the two or three algae offered. Among monoalgal diets, the diatom Chaet was excellent for E. acutifrons. Out of the 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet, which contained the diatom Chaet, was the best for naupliar production of single pair E. acutifrons (19.5±1.7 nauplii female^?1 day^?1), significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other treatments except for the Chaet treatment (P>0.05). Similarly, in the group naupliar production trial (50 adult E. acutifrons per replicate), Tet+Chaet produced a significantly higher number of nauplii (405.8±18.6 nauplii day^?1) than the other treatments (P<0.05). Tet+Chaet further supported the highest naupliar survival (82.0±2.8%) and copepodite survival (89.0±2.8%), while the mono‐algal diet Chaet produced the second highest naupliar (76.7±2.6%) and copepodite survival (83.5±2.6%). In contrast, Pav produced the lowest overall survival at the naupliar stage (30.0±2.9%), significantly lower than all other treatments (P<0.05). While development from newly hatched nauplii to copepodites was not significantly affected by diets, mean development time from nauplius to adult was significantly different among treatments. Mean development time from hatching (naupliar I stage; NI) to the adult stage was the fastest with Tet+Chaet and Chaet (6.8±0.0 days for both treatments), which was significantly faster than that of Pav, T‐Iso Pav+Tet and T‐Iso+Pav+Te treatment (P<0.05). E. acutifrons sex ratio was significantly affected by diets, and always skewed in favour of males. Feeding on Pav resulted in the lowest proportion of females (23.7±1.2%), significantly lower than for six of the other treatments (P<0.05). Adult females had longer average life expectancy than males for all treatments, and were the longest when fed Tet+Chaet (9.5±0.4 days), which was more than twice as long as the shortest lifespan recorded for the Pav treatment (4.2±0.6 days) (P<0.05). In summary, among 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet appeared to support the highest culture productivity of E. acutifrons while the diatom Chaet also performed well as a monoalgal diet.     

半滑舌鳎创伤弧菌分离鉴定及其荧光定量PCR方法的建立

为确定患病半滑舌鳎的病原,从其体内分离到3株革兰氏阴性菌,将其分别命名为ST-1、ST-3和ST-6,进行细菌理化特性、药敏试验、16S rDNA测序以及组织病理学观察等方面的研究,并建立了外膜蛋白(OMP)基因的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,3株分离菌株的理化特性符合创伤弧菌特征,16S rDNA与创伤弧菌标准菌株ATCC29307序列相似性达99%以上,系统发育树分析显示,3株分离株与创伤弧菌自然聚为一支,最终鉴定为创伤弧菌;药敏试验显示,3株菌对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、链霉素、亚胺培南和氟苯尼考等药物高度敏感。人工回归感染试验表明,分离株具有致病性,且半滑舌鳎、斑马鱼的临床症状与自然患病鱼症状相似;组织病理学观察显示,鳃丝上皮细胞增生,鳃小片肿胀黏连、颗粒细胞和黏液细胞增多,肝脏中央静脉淤血,肾脏出血、坏死,肠道黏膜固有层萎缩、黏液细胞增多等。进一步建立OMP基因的荧光定量PCR方法,结果显示,标准曲线的相关系数为0.995,检测下限为1.88×10~2 CFU/mL。以上结果可为半滑舌鳎弧菌病的致病机理、分子诊断和防治提供科学参考。     

两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群对生长的微生态调控作用

探究了工厂化、网箱养殖模式对黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)幼鱼生长性能及消化道菌群的影响, 通过 16S rRNA 高通量测序和生物信息学方法, 分析了两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道(胃、幽门盲囊、肠道)、饵料及养殖水中的菌群结构特征及其互作关系。结果显示, 本实验条件下, 网箱养殖黄条鰤幼鱼较工厂化养殖鱼生长性能显著提升; 在黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群方面, 门水平上的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和属水平上的拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)在网箱养殖模式中其丰度值高于工厂化养殖模式, 其中拟杆菌属仅出现于网箱养殖模式且呈现显著性差异; Beta 多样性分析显示消化道菌群更多受到饵料菌群的影响, 受水环境影响相对较小。KEGG 注释分析表明两种养殖模式的差异菌群中, 网箱养殖幼鱼消化道菌群主要参与磷酸转移酶系统 (PTS)和 NOD 样受体信号通路, 而工厂化养殖幼鱼为碳水化合物代谢和类胡萝卜素合成通路。本研究表明, 环境菌群中, 饵料菌群对消化道菌群的影响大于养殖水体菌群; 消化道微生物群落通过调整其组成结构从而改变菌群功能通路的方式, 积极参与两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼生长机能差异的调控。因此, 网箱养殖鱼表现出更快速的生长性能可能是由于机体内的菌群产生了更多的短链脂肪酸并诱导 IGF-1 等生长相关功能基因的表达, 从而促进机体的营养吸收和生长。本研究预期结果将为黄条鰤专用配合饲料的研制和健康养殖技术开发提供微生态理论支撑。     

鲤鱼人工孵化过程中鱼苗气泡病病因分析

水利部汉江水利水电 (集团 )有限公司后勤服务中心渔业场座落在湖北省丹江口水库 ,以网箱养鲤为主 ,苗种繁育基地以养殖鲤寸片为主 ,满足网箱养殖需要。 1 998年鲤鱼人工孵化过程中鱼苗患气泡病 ,造成鱼苗大量死亡。 1 999年鲤鱼人工孵化 ,采取有效措施 ,制止了鱼苗气泡病的再次发生。现就两年繁殖情况对气泡病病因进行分析。1　基本情况1 1　孵化设施条件鱼种池、亲鱼池及孵化设施建在邻近丹江口水库羊山山头上 ,池与池之间呈阶梯式 ,水源用水泵从丹江口水库提取水。产卵池为圆形、直径 1 0ｍ。孵化环道为椭圆形底冲式 ,共二环 ,内环体积…     

3种淡水鱼肌肉脂质的组成及营养评价

以拉萨河拉萨裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis younghusbandi)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)、双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon)为材料,研究了其肌肉中脂质的组成和含量。结果显示:10种含量最丰富的脂肪酸分别是饱和脂肪酸16∶0和18∶0;单不饱和和脂肪酸16∶1n-9、18∶1n-9和18∶1n-7;n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸20∶5n-3,22∶5n-3和22∶6n-3和n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸18∶2n-6和20∶4n-6。结果表明拉萨河鱼类的脂肪酸模型跟深海鱼类相似,而且n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸的含量相对较高。     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.