稀有鮈鲫麻醉方法的研究

在室养条件下观察了MS-222、苯佐卡因和乌拉坦对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的麻醉效果。结果表明,乌拉坦不宜作为稀有鮈鲫的麻醉剂,而一定浓度的MS-222或苯佐卡因可导致稀有鮈鲫的快速麻醉;不同麻醉剂浓度、不同的作用时间下,稀有鮈鲫在行为上呈现不同的反应,据此可分为轻度镇静、深度镇静、轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和髓质麻醉阶段;根据反应时间、恢复时间、维持时间和存活率等,建议使用60mg/L的苯佐卡因或100～110mg/L的MS-222作为深度麻醉剂量。     

真空、空气和气调包装对冷藏鱼糜制品品质的影响

为研究真空、空气和气调3种不同包装方式对冷藏鱼糜制品品质的影响,以鱼糜制品中的鱼丸为对象,通过测定鱼丸在(3±0.5) ℃冷藏期间微生物的种类和数量、理化指标和感官指标的变化情况,评价真空包装(vacuum packaging,VP)、空气包装(Air)、气调包装(M1,50%CO₂+50%N₂;M2,75%CO₂+25%N₂)对鱼丸品质的影响。结果表明,空气包装和真空包装鱼丸中的优势腐败菌是微球菌属、明亮发光杆菌和乳酸菌属,其次是假单胞菌和酵母菌。75%CO₂+25%N₂和50%CO₂+50%N₂的气调包装鱼丸中主要的优势腐败菌是明亮发光杆菌和乳酸菌属,其次是微球菌属。与空气包装和真空包装相比,75%CO₂+25%N₂和50%CO₂+50%N₂的气调包装完全抑制了酵母菌、假单胞菌的生长。75%CO₂+25%N₂和50%CO₂+50%N₂的气调包装比真空包装和空气包装更有利于抑制鱼丸中微生物的生长和TVB-N值的增加,保持pH、白度和感官品质的稳定,延长鱼丸的货架期。在(3±0.5) ℃冷藏条件下不同包装对鱼丸品质的保持效果好坏依次为M2,75%CO₂+25%N₂＞M1,50%CO₂+50%N₂＞VP＞Air,其对应的货架期分别为49、42、21和14 d。     

中国二段海鞘科相关属种的次生代谢产物最新研究进展

二段海鞘科物种在我国有记录的有二段海鞘属、拟薄海鞘属、膜海鞘属和Diplosoma共4属11种。本文简介了中国二段海鞘科品种分布及资源状况,概述了2001年以来关于该科此4属物种的次生代谢产物及其生物活性的研究进展,并对中国资源的化学成分与药用价值研发前景进行了展望。     

光照条件对养殖虾蟹类幼体生长发育影响的研究进展

本文综述了光照条件对养殖虾蟹类幼体生长发育影响的研究进展。包括虾蟹类幼体感光器官的超微结构;光照周期、光照强度和光谱等光照条件对虾蟹类幼体生长发育、摄食、存活等方面影响和从能量收支角度研究光照对虾蟹类幼体生长影响的方法。以期为我国进行该领域的研究和养殖实践提供有益的参考。     

Dietary manganese requirement of juvenile hybrid grouper,Epinephelus lanceolatus × E. fuscoguttatus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary manganese (Mn) requirement for juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus × E. fuscoguttatus. The basal diet was formulated to contain 520 g/kg crude protein from casein and fishmeal. Manganese methionine was added to the basal diet at 0 (control group), 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg Mn/kg diet providing 7.48, 10.34, 13.76, 19.72, 31.00 and 53.91 mg Mn/kg diet, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of juveniles, and each tank was stocked with 20 fish (initial weight, 60.06 ± 0.68 g). The manganese content in rearing water was monitored and kept below 0.01 mg/L. Results showed that the weight gain ratio (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), Mn contents in whole body, liver and vertebra, and activities of hepatic Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), total SOD (T‐SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) were significantly improved by dietary Mn supplementation (p < .05). However, dietary Mn did not affect arginase (DArg) activity. The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed the basal diet (p < .05). No significant differences were found on the Cu and Zn contents in whole body by supplementing dietary Mn. Supplemented Mn in diets had significantly effect on liver and vertebral trace element deposition (p < .05). Fish fed the basal diet had the highest Fe and Zn contents in vertebra (p < .05). There were no significant differences on hepatic pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activity with supplemented Mn levels below 13.76 mg/kg. As biomarker of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver was significantly higher in fish fed the basal diet (p < .05). Using the broken‐line models based on SGR, dietary Mn requirement of the juvenile hybrid grouper was estimated to be 12.70 mg/kg diet.     

Effect of dietary lipid source and vitamin E on growth,non‐specific immune response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

Six purified diets were formulated to contain three lipid sources, fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) and soybean oil (SO), at 6% diet lipid crossing two levels of vitamin E (100 and 300 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) for each lipid source (FO100, FO300, LO100, LO300, SO100, SO300). The juvenile Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, respectively, fed on these diets with four replicates for 6 weeks. The crab weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly affected by dietary lipid sources. No difference was found between the crabs fed two levels of vitamin E, but the WG and SGR were numerically higher in crab fed 300 mg/kg vitamin E than those fed the other level of vitamin E. The lipid source and vitamin E level could affect fatty acid composition in the hepatopancreas. The contents of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) and n‐3HUFA were significantly higher in the crab‐fed fish oil. The highest contents of n‐6PUFA and n‐3PUFA were found in the crab‐fed soybean oil and linseed oil respectively. The contents of SAFA, n‐3HUFA and n‐3PUFA were higher in the 300 mg/kg vitamin E treatment. A lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content and higher phenoloxidase (PO) activity were observed in the crab fed 300 mg/kg vitamin E. The results of this study indicate that the Chinese mitten crab fed the diet with 6% fish oil and 300 mg/kg vitamin E showed better growth, antioxidant capacity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila.     

杨树人工林连栽对土壤生物学性质的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了连栽对江汉平原杨树人工林土壤生物学性质的影响。笔者通过结果表明:与第1代林相比,第2代林土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌的数量分别下降34.38%、14.38%、56.63%,土壤微生物总量下降56.05%。连栽导致土壤磷酸酶活性下降20.00%,脲酶活性下降11.54%,蔗糖酶活性下降29.39%,蛋白酶活性下降50.00%,过氧化氢酶活性下降1.92%,而多酚氧化酶活性增加100.00%。方差分析结果表明,不同栽植代数间,土壤细菌数量、微生物总量、蛋白酶活性差异达到显著性水平。     

Nutritional regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is known to exist as mitochondrial (PEPCK‐M) and cytosolic isoforms (PEPCK‐C). They are involved in glucose production and play vital roles in regulating glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to (1) clone and characterize PEPCK‐C cDNA from golden pompano fish (Trachinotus ovatus), which are known to have poor utilization of dietary carbohydrates, and (2) analyze the regulation of its expression by varying dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios and nutritional status. A full length golden pompano PEPCK‐C cDNA fragment of 2,652 bp was cloned, which contains an open reading frame of 1,875 bp encoding 624 amino acids and shows a high homology to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) PEPCK‐C sequence (92% similarity). The analysis of tissue distributions of PEPCK‐C mRNA showed that a high abundance of PEPCK‐C was expressed in golden pompano liver, followed by kidney; while lower expression levels were found in the heart and intestine. In liver, PEPCK is under the regulation of dietary composition and nutritional status at the enzymatic and molecular levels. Our results indicate that PEPCK‐C plays a modulating role in the adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis to different nutrient conditions. Thus, the absence of molecular inhibition of gluconeogenic PEPCK gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which can at least partially account for their poor utilization of dietary carbohydrate, is specific to these species and is not observed in golden pompano. Further studies that examine, at the enzymatic and molecular levels, other key enzymes involved in hepatic glucose metabolism are necessary to understand the poor utilization of carbohydrates in golden pompano.     

Germplasm differences among three species of genus Erythroculter based on morphological characters and gene sequences of mitochondrial CO I and Cyt b

Fish of genus Erythroculter (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Abramidinae) are important commercial freshwater species in China. In this work, morphological characters and gene sequences of mitochondrial CO I and Cyt b were analysed to investigate the germplasm differences among E. mongolicus, E. dabryi and E. ilishaeformis. Results demonstrated that about countable trait, there were six traits (scale in/ above/ below lateral line, gill‐raker in first left gill‐arch and branched fin‐ray in anal/ pectoral fin) showed significant differences. Gene fragments of CO I and Cyt b was 905 bps and 1,142 bps respectively. In CO I, there were 54.3% base content of A + T, 14 haplotypes and 84 nucleotide variable sites. As to Cyt b, there were 56.3% base content of A + T, 20 haplotypes and 142 nucleotide variable sites. In both CO I and Cyt b, the highest and lowest nucleotide diversity was detected in E. ilishaeformis and E. mongolicus respectively. According to morphological distance, genetic distance, genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and gene flow, E. dabryi was grouped together with E. ilishaeformis firstly, and then clustered with E. mongolicus. These results might be useful in the conservation and management of fishery resources of these three species.     

中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获量及其分布

根据2000年9月至2002年8月两年的中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓探捕调查结果,对延绳钓渔获量及其分布特征进行了初步分析。结果显示,延绳钓渔获物以金枪鱼为主,大眼金枪鱼(Thun-nusobesus)等3种金枪鱼的渔获量占总渔获量75·9%。“海欣”船延绳钓作业的平均日产量为(994·8±19·9)kg/d,上钩率为(12·5±0·3)ind/103钩。主要目标鱼种大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnusalbacares)的平均日产量分别为(466·9±13·9)kg/d和(190·6±7·2)kg/d。探捕期间日产量的月间差异显著(P<0·001),6~8月为渔发汛期,日产量较高;2~5月为相对淡季,日产量较低。探捕区南部的平均日产量最高,与中、北部比较差异显著(P<0·001);东部平均日产量与西部比较差异不显著(P>0·05)。